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Chapter
Infection
Infection is caused by pathogens outside of our bodies or by usual inhabitants within our bodies. It can be defined as the phenomenon that pathogens such as microbes, viruses, etc. enter organisms and grow the...
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Chapter
Viral Behaviors on Materials and the International Standard Between Materials and Microbial/Viral Environments
In this chapter, we surveyed the differences of viral behaviors inside and outside of our bodies. Then, we introduced an international standard to evaluate the viral activity on various materials. This evaluat...
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Reference Work Entry In depth
Nanocellulose for Antibacterial, Anti-biofouling Applications: To Antiviral Development in the Future
Nanocellulose is produced from natural resources, such as plants and bacteria, by using artificial mechanical and chemical processes. Since it is made from natural resources, nanocellulose is environmentally f...
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Chapter
Surveillance of Wastewater forCOVID-19
This chapter starts by introducing the topic of wastewater (water that requires cleaning after it is used). It mentions water pollutants and various types of wastewater (sewage) like domestic and industrial se...
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Chapter
Infection and Materials: The Role of Materials’ Surfaces as Interfaces Between Materialsandthe Microbial/Virus Environments
This chapter deals with virions and materials. (A virion is an infective form of a virus outside of a host cell). The chapter clarifies the way virions infect humans (or organisms) and the factors that affect ...
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Chapter
Controlling COVID-19 and Preparing forFuture Pandemics
This chapter starts by discussing the status of COVID-19 and ways to improve the situation. Then it presents a general plan (prepared by the World Health Organization) for controlling a pandemic. Next, four me...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Nanocellulose for Antibacterial, Anti-biofouling Applications: To Antiviral Development in the Future
Nanocellulose is produced from natural resources, such as plants and bacteria, by using artificial mechanical and chemical processes. Since it is made from natural resources, nanocellulose is environmentally f...
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Chapter
Antiviral Drugs, Antibodies, and Vaccines for COVID-19
This chapter starts by introducing COVID-19 and its variants. Then it gives brief descriptions of the human immune system and COVID-19 testing methods for antigens and antibodies. Information is also provided ...
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Chapter
Standardization—Current and Future
To improve and develop industrial products and processes, a standard is always needed. Nowadays, not only for academic activities, but also for industrial ones, various standards are developed beyond borders a...
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Chapter
Biofilm Control and Thoughts for the Future
Biofilms affect many industries and our daily lives. Their formation and growth processes have common essential factors, but some of their components differ from one environment to another. Biofilms have a neg...
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Chapter
Introduction
Biofilms form at the interface between different phases as a result of bacterial activities. They cause many problems for industry and our daily lives. Biofilms have negative problems to solve, but also provid...
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Chapter
Biofilm Usefulness
This chapter describes the usefulness of biofilms. It starts by discussing the importance of biofilms for producing electricity and the process which is known as microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. The next ...
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Chapter
Fundamentals for Biofilms
This chapter includes the fundamentals for biofilms. It starts by introducing the topics of bacteria and biofilms. Then it discusses the formation, growth, collapse, and removal of biofilms, which are the resu...
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Chapter
Biofilms in Nature and Artificial Materials
This chapter presents various substrates and their capabilities for biofilm formation, taking into account influential factors like van der Waals forces, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, the presence of polar s...
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Chapter
Detection and Evaluation of Biofilms
This chapter describes a variety of ways for detecting and evaluating biofilms. The biological methods include staining, gene analysis, and proteomics. An instrumental analysis section is available too. It int...
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Chapter
Biofilm Problems and Environments
This chapter describes biofilm problems in various environments. It starts by introducing the marine environment and goes on to discuss biofilm problems like biofouling and corrosion that damage structures use...
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Chapter
Animate Substrata and Biofilms
Biofilms form on natural animate substrata. For substrata discussed in this chapter, we selected plants’ surfaces and the tissues inside of human bodies. Biofilms are a result of bacterial activity. First bact...
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Chapter
Laboratory Biofilm Reactors
Biofilms form at the interface between different phases in nature. To investigate biofilms and to solve practical problems, we have to reproduce the phenomena in laboratories. To achieve this purpose, we need ...
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Article
Open AccessIn-situ detection based on the biofilm hydrophilicity for environmental biofilm formation
A biofilm has a unique structure composed of microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), etc., and it is layered on a substrate in water. In material science, it is important to detect the biofi...
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Reference Work Entry In depth
Nanofibers and Biofilm in Materials Science
In this chapter biofilms are introduced. Also their relationship with nanofibers is described from the viewpoint of materials science. To start, the background information for this topic is presented and expla...
