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Open AccessMucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: scientific gaps and opportunities—workshop report
On November 7th and 8th, 2022, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), The...
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Combination anti-HIV antibodies provide sustained virological suppression
Antiretroviral therapy is highly effective in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)1. However, eradication of the virus in individuals with HIV has not been possible to date2. Given that HIV suppression ...
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A multiclade env–gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques
The development of a protective vaccine remains a top priority for the control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Here, we show that a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine co-expressing membrane-anchored HIV-1 envelope (Env) a...
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Distinct mechanisms of long-term virologic control in two HIV-infected individuals after treatment interruption of anti-retroviral therapy
Certain infected individuals suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Elucidating the underlying mechanism(s) is of high interest. Here we present two contra...
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Novel vaccine technologies for the 21st century
Novel approaches to vaccine development include structure-based immunogen design, gene-based vaccine platforms and formulation of recombinant antigens with potent adjuvants. These technologies are producing en...
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Open AccessImprovement of antibody functionality by structure-guided paratope engraftment
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) represent a promising alternative to antiretroviral drugs for HIV-1 prevention and treatment. Selected antibodies to the CD4-binding site bolster envelope trimer binding...
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Open AccessThe Role of Integrin α4β7 in HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment
Acute HIV infection is characterized by high-level viral replication throughout the body’s lymphoid system, particularly in gut-associated lymphoid tissues resulting in damage to structural components of gut t...
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Early antibody therapy can induce long-lasting immunity to SHIV
Early administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies in a macaque SHIV infection model is associated with very low levels of persistent viraemia, which leads to the establishment of T-cell immunity and resu...
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HIV reservoirs as obstacles and opportunities for an HIV cure
The persistence of HIV reservoirs remains a barrier to sustained virologic remission in HIV-infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy is discontinued. Fauci and colleagues discuss the therapeutic strat...
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Targeting α4β7 integrin reduces mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus and protects gut-associated lymphoid tissue from infection
Aftab Ansari and his colleagues show that antibody-mediated masking of α4β7 integrin impedes intravaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques.
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The HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 impairs B cell proliferation by inducing TGF-β1 production and FcRL4 expression
Antibody responses are impaired during HIV-1 infection. Cicala and colleagues show that the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120 directly impairs B cell function by promoting expression of TGF-β and the inhibitory recepto...
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HIV-AIDS: much accomplished, much to do
As a result of decades of research-driven breakthroughs in basic and clinical science and recent advances in the broad-scale implementation of interventions for the prevention and treatment of infection with H...
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Dengue: The Continual Re-Emergence of a Centuries-Old Disease
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Prospects for an HIV vaccine: leading B cells down the right path
Until recently, few potent and broadly neutralizing HIV-specific antibodies had been identified, but recent findings have inspired optimism that an effective HIV vaccine can finally be developed. Here we revie...
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Open AccessHIV-1 envelope, integrins and co-receptor use in mucosal transmission of HIV
It is well established that HIV-1 infection typically involves an interaction between the viral envelope protein gp120/41 and the CD4 molecule followed by a second interaction with a chemokine receptor, usuall...
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Induction of unnatural immunity: prospects for a broadly protective universal influenza vaccine
The immune system normally responds to influenza virus by making neutralizing antibodies to regions of the viral spike, the hemagglutinin, that vary year to year. This natural response protects against circula...
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NIAID workshop on immunity to malaria: addressing immunological challenges
The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop of malaria investigators and immunologists to foster collaborations and attract more immunologists into malaria research. Discus...
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B cells in HIV infection and disease
HIV infection leads to perturbations of all of the main cell types of the immune system, including B cells. Most B-cell perturbations are associated with indir...
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25 years of HIV
Reflecting on how far we have come scientifically since isolating HIV in 1983, Anthony S. Fauci urges a renewed commitment to the far greater challenges ahead, especially that of vaccine development.
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HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin α4β7, the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) results in the dissemination of virus to gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Subsequently, HIV-1 mediates massive depletion of gut CD4+ T cells, which contributes...
