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Atmosphere
This chapter is an applied study of the Earth’s atmosphere. This is the differentiation point between legacy maritime navigation and air navigation....
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Atmosphere
This article examines the history and the meaning of the term “atmosphere”. It describes the structural differentiation of the atmosphere and its...
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Atmosphere
The atmosphere seems to be something similar all around our planet, the air and clouds that move and surround land. Its behavior, specifically the...
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Interaction with Atmosphere
Contrary to longer-pulsed laser irradiation, ultrashort laser pulses in the femto- and low picosecond-pulse duration domains are expected to be too...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere
The fourth chapter is devoted to the physics of the Earth’s atmosphere and the major atmospheric phenomena. We consider the structure and chemical...
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The Perturbed Atmosphere
We have seen in the previous chapter the role of the ocean in regulating the amount of...
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Upper Atmosphere of Mars
Mars’ atmosphere above 100 km is designated as the upper atmosphere where molecular diffusion dominates (McElroy et al., Science 194:1295–1298,...
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Atmosphere
In this chapter, Atmosphere is defined as an emergent condition which arises between an ambient and consequentially affective circumstance and a...
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Lower Atmosphere of Mars
The lower atmosphere of Mars exists below 100 km, where gases are mixed and eddy diffusion is dominant. It is characterized by a strong coupling...
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Atmosphere–Sea Interactions
In the previous chapters, we have touched in many occasions the interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. Now it is time to talk orderly...
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The Atmosphere–Ocean Influence
The connection between events in the atmosphere and the ocean is well known. While not fully understood, California weather is related to several of...
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Atmosphere and ocean interactions
AbstractThe nature and extent of the main interactions between the Earth’s atmosphere and the ocean are briefly reviewed, introducing the main...
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Russian Middle Atmosphere Research 2019–2022
AbstractA review of the results of Russian studies of the middle atmosphere in 2019–2022, prepared by the Commission on the Middle Atmosphere of the...
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Experimental sensing quantum atmosphere of a single spin
Understanding symmetry-breaking states of materials is a major challenge in the modern physical sciences. Quantum atmosphere proposed recently sheds...
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General Circulation of the Atmosphere
TheGeneral circulationatmosphere general circulationCirculation ofGeneral circulation models the atmosphere and oceanGeneral circulationOcean is what...
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Trace Gases of Mars Atmosphere
The atmosphere of Mars is primarily composed of CO2 (~ 95%) with small amounts of N2 (~ 2.6%), Ar (~ 1.9%, O2 (0.16%) and CO (~ 0.06%). The O3, H2O,...
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Vibrational Regimes in the Atmosphere
The article considers the influence of the daily rotation of the Earth on the oscillatory processes in the atmosphere. When considering axial...
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Gravity Waves in Free Atmosphere
Gravity wave (GW) is one of the basic waves in atmosphere, and also one of the most simple and basic mesoscale motion systems.
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15 Coupled Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere and Biosphere
Earth’s climate has remained conducive to life for more than 3.5 billion years, probably because of higher concentrations of CO2 and CH4 greenhouse...