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The Depths and the Surface of the Earth
In the third chapter, we discuss what is the equilibrium condition of the planet’s surface in its own gravitational field and find out the planet’s...
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The Earth in the Solar System
We start with a discussion of the two milestones of Nature—the law of universal gravitation and Kepler’s laws, and the latter is the sequence of the...
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The Mechanisms Responsible for Translating Impulses from Depth to the Outer Shells of the Modern Earth: The Late Cenozoic Global Tectonomagmatic Increase in Activity on Our Planet
AbstractWe know that tectonomagmatic activity periodically increased during the Earth’s history without any visible external factors to cause these...
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Fundamentals of Geophysics, the Earth in the Universe, Its Material Composition, and Its Internal Structure
This book discusses how—by analysis of the physical fields and processes within and on the Earth—we learn how old the Earth is, what are its internal...
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Gravity Field and Figure of the Earth
The shape of the Earth has always been a question of importance to humanity, with philosophical and religious aspects as well as practical ones,...
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Depth and Spatial Variation of the Shear Wave Attenuation Parameters in the Shallow Crust and Lower Crust/Upper Mantle of Mt. Etna (Italy)
Seismic wave attenuation is a key feature of seismic wave propagation that provides constraints on the composition and physical state of the medium...
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Seasonal influence of freshwater discharge on spatio-temporal variations in primary productivity, sea surface temperature, and euphotic zone depth in the northern Bay of Bengal
Ocean productivity is the foundation of marine food web, which continuously removes atmospheric carbon dioxide and supports life at sea and on land....
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The Weather and Climate
In this chapter, we discuss the physical background beyond the concepts of climate and weather. First, we study the factors affecting the climate at...
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Eruption style transition during the 2017–2018 eruptive activity at the Shinmoedake volcano, Kirishima, Japan: surface phenomena and eruptive products
Recent eruptions of the Shinmoedake volcano, Japan, have provided a valuable opportunity to investigate the transition between explosive and effusive...
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Unravelling the Electrical Conductivity of Earth and Planets
This review presents the progress made in the last decade in the field of large-scale electromagnetic (EM) induction with natural sources, which...
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Compatibility of the SES Generation Model with the Precursory Phenomena Before the Tohoku M9 Earthquake in Japan in 2011
Applying naturalNatural time analysis of seismicity time analysis to the JapanJapanese seismicity from 1 January 1984 until the M9Earthquake, EQ...
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Contribution of the Photonic Component to the Ionization of the Atmosphere by Earth Crust Radionuclides and Radioactive Emanations
AbstractWe investigate the contribution of gamma radiation of natural radionuclides constituting the Earth crust, radioactive emanations, and their...
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Mechanism-learning coupling paradigms for parameter inversion and simulation in earth surface systems
Building the physics-driven mechanism model has always been the core scientific paradigm for parameter estimation in Earth surface systems, and...
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Map** subsurface defects and surface deformation along the artificial levee of the Lower Tisza River, Hungary
Artificial levees along alluvial rivers are major components of flood-risk mitigation. This is especially true in the case of Hungary, where more...
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The Ocean
In this chapter, we discuss the physical phenomena related to the existence of the Ocean on the Earth’s surface. The chemical composition and mass of...
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True polar wander in the Earth system
True polar wander (TPW), or planetary reorientation, is the rotation of solid Earth (crust and mantle) about the liquid outer core in order to...
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Seismic Phenomena Associated with the Eruption of the Volcano in the Region of the Tonga Archipelago on January 15, 2022
Abstract —The paper addresses the study of changes in the seismic process associated with a volcanic eruption and evaluation of the energy parameters...
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El Niño and the AMO Sparked the Astonishingly Large Margin of Warming in the Global Mean Surface Temperature in 2023
In 2023, the majority of the Earth witnessed its warmest boreal summer and autumn since 1850. Whether 2023 will indeed turn out to be the warmest...
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Geochemical characterization of rare earth elements in sediment profiles from the Oualida lagoon (Morocco)
The present work assesses the temporal distribution pattern and geochemical changes of rare earth elements and Yttrium, Scandium, Thorium, and...
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The Effects of High Pressure
Pressure increases with depth in the earth, to a maximum at the centre. The rate of increase depends on the material present along the path followed;...