Abstract
Neuromodulation of the somatosensory nervous system is an effective tool to restore sensory feedback to individuals with sensory deficits, treat chronic pain, and study sensory processing pathways. This chapter presents an overview on neuromodulation techniques for somatosensation focused on clinical systems implemented in humans. The first section briefly reviews the key physiology of tactile and proprioceptive sensation. The second section describes different technologies and methods for evoking somatosensory percepts with electrical stimulation. The third section explains how to elicit and shape sensation produced by neurostimulation, drawing on key insights from recent research in human studies of neuroprostheses. This section is divided into the four perceptual dimensions of sensation: location, intensity, quality, and timing. We present the neural coding principles underlying each perceptual dimension in the normal sensory system, along with strategies to modulate each perceptual dimension with neural stimulation. The last section provides an overview of clinical applications of electrically evoked somatosensation, highlighted by an example in rehabilitation.
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Abbreviations
- APC:
-
Anterior parietal cortex
- DBS:
-
Deep brain stimulation
- DRG:
-
Dorsal root ganglion
- ECoG:
-
Electrocorticography
- FINE:
-
Flat interface nerve electrode
- fMRI:
-
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- ICMS:
-
Intracortical microstimulation
- JND:
-
Just noticeable difference
- LIFE:
-
Longitudinal intrafascicular electrode
- LTMR:
-
Low-threshold mechanoreceptor
- MEG:
-
Magnetoencephalography
- PA:
-
Pulse amplitude
- PC:
-
Pacinian corpuscle (rapidly adapting type II)
- PF:
-
Pulse frequency
- PW:
-
Pulse width
- RA:
-
Rapidly adapting
- RAI:
-
Rapidly adapting type I
- RAII:
-
Rapidly adapting type II
- S1:
-
Primary somatosensory cortex
- SA:
-
Slowly adapting
- SAI:
-
Slowly adapting type I
- SAII:
-
Slowly adapting type II
- SCS:
-
Spinal cord stimulation
- TIME:
-
Transverse intrafascicular electrode
- USEA:
-
Utah slant microelectrode array
- Vc:
-
Ventrocaudal nucleus of the thalamus
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Graczyk, E.L., Tyler, D.J. (2022). Somatosensory Neuromodulation with a Focus Towards Clinical Systems. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_92-1
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