Abstract
Granular sludge reduces costs for biological nutrient removal (BNR) from wastewater. The microbial resource is managed in granular sludge using principles of microbial ecology, biofilm gradients, and process engineering. Microbial selection phenomena were elucidated in the microbiome of BNR granular sludge. A rational wet-lab and dry-lab biomolecular methodology was used to profile microbiomes with fast analytical throughput and high taxonomic and temporal resolutions. The conceptual ecosystem model of BNR granular sludge was built to foster functional analyses and microbial community engineering. Granulation mechanisms and granule architectures rely on predominant phylotypes and their physiologies. Biomass wash-out drives rapid granulation but affects the microbiome balance. Controlling the organic loading rate, the anaerobic contact time, and the starvation phase length is the key for selecting for polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAOs) and promoting a stable granulation and EBPR, while out-selecting bulking bacteria and preventing process failures. A careful design of the anaerobic selector is necessary to fully remove organics prior to switching on aeration. Hydraulic-biokinetic modeling supports the design of the anaerobic up-flow feeding selector. A slightly alkaline pH selects for the PAO “Candidatus Accumulibacter” over glycogen-accumulating competitors. Fractions of active PAOs and the EBPR potential of sludge can be rapidly measured in an electrical-conductivity-based metabolic batch test and a polyphosphatase enzymatic assay. The robustness of the biosystem relies on feed-forward and feed-back controls in function of operational variations, granule size distributions, bed volume, and biochemical conversions. An applied methodology is proposed to guide an ecological engineering of BNR granular sludge. Although granules and flocs differ in density, metrics and gradients, the last 100 years of activated sludge research should not be forgotten when designing granular sludge technologies.
Bacterial resource management: the seed for granular sludge.
(This study)
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Notes
- 1.
Royal HaskoningDHV (status 2022) https://nereda.royalhaskoningdhv.com/.
- 2.
Swiss Confederation, 814.201 Waters Protection Ordinance 1998 (status 1st January 2021). https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1998/2863_2863_2863/en.
- 3.
Delft student team WaterSkins won the Bio-based Innovation Student Challenge Europe with artificial leather made out of Kaumera® https://www.tudelft.nl/en/2021/tnw/making-artificial-leather-while-processing-wastewater.
- 4.
Kaumera Nereda® Gum, a biomaterial extracted from Nereda® granules https://kaumera.com/.
- 5.
de Kreuk and Weissbrodt (conference chairs), International Water Association, Biofilms Specialist Group, “IWA Biofilms: Granular Sludge Conference 2018”, Delft, The Netherlands. www.granularsludgeconference.org.
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Weissbrodt, D.G. (2024). Concluding Remarks and Outlook. In: Engineering Granular Microbiomes. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41009-3_12
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