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Bisphenol-A incite dose-dependent dissimilitude in the growth pattern, physiology, oxidative status, and metabolite profile of Azolla filiculoides

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Abstract

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant affecting the growth and development of aquatic macrophytes. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of BPA on Azolla filiculoides. The plants were exposed to different concentrations of BPA and the effect was evaluated in terms of plant growth, physiological and oxidative status, responses of the antioxidative system, and changes in key metabolites. The results have shown that BPA (≥ 20 mg L−1) incites a significant reduction in frond number, frond surface area, and growth rate of the plants along with severe frond damage, membrane peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage. Moreover, at higher concentrations, a significant reduction in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids was observed, which was further amplified with the duration of treatments. Furthermore, excessive generation of O2•− and H2O2 invoked the antioxidative machinery under BPA exposure. However, sufficient activity of the antioxidative enzymes was observed in plants treated with ≤ 10 mg L−1 of BPA. The untargeted metabolome profile revealed modulation of 29 metabolites including amino acids, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and phenolics in response to BPA. An increased amount of asparagine, lysine, serine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine after 3 days of BPA exposure indicates their role in providing better stress tolerance. Therefore, the experimental findings suggest that A. filiculoides responds differently to BPA exposure. Higher BPA concentrations (≥ 20 mg L−1) documented a greater impact in terms of plant physiology and metabolism whereas, the effect was minimal at lower concentrations (≤ 10 mg L−1).

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the University Grants Commission, Government of India for financial assistance on account of fellowship to Ashis Sarkar (UGC Ref. No. 685/ (CSIR-UGC NET DEC 2018)). The authors are thankful to DST-FIST support to the Department of Botany, University of North Bengal for microscopy. We acknowledge SAIF, IIT Bombay, India for the HRLC-MS analysis.

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  1. Department of Botany, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of North Bengal, P.O. Raja Rammohunpur, Dist., Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

    Ashis Sarkar & Swarnendu Roy

  2. Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Assam, India

    Nirmali Gogoi

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AS—performing the experiments, compilation of the results, statistical analysis, and writing of the first draft.

SR—conceptualisation of the study, supervision, and the final reviewing and editing of the article.

NG—supervision of the result compilation and statistical analysis, final reviewing and editing of the article.

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Sarkar, A., Gogoi, N. & Roy, S. Bisphenol-A incite dose-dependent dissimilitude in the growth pattern, physiology, oxidative status, and metabolite profile of Azolla filiculoides. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 91325–91344 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22107-8

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