Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a broadly disseminated endocrine disturbing chemicals in environment, is harmful to creatures and plants. Plants can uptake and metabolize BPA, but a single plant species ability is limited. Undeniably, plant species compositions have a more vital ability to remove pollutants than a single plant species. However, the mechanisms of plant species compositions alleviating toxicological effects of bisphenol A are poorly understood. Here, we administered plant species compositions, which based on a full-factorial design of Phragmites australis (A), Typha latifolia (B), and Arundo donax (C), to unveil their role in BPA exposure. The results illustrated that the root activity, biomass, and photosynthetic pigment contents of the mixed hydroponic group (e.g., sp(ABC)) were significantly increased under concentration of BPA(1.5, 5, and 10 mg L−1), which showed that the root activity, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll contents of shoots were increased. While mixed-hydroponic culture groups (e.g., sp(AB), sp(ABC)) significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant substances under concentration of BPA(5 and 10 mg L−1), it astoundingly diminished responsive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) substance, proposing that mixed-hydroponic culture groups calmed oxidative stress. Further analysis revealed that mixed-hydroponic culture groups (e.g., sp(AB), sp(AC), sp(ABC)) of 1.5, 5, and 10 mg L−1 BPA exposure significantly increased detoxification enzyme activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glycosyltransferase (GT). Moreover, mixed-hydroponic culture groups (e.g., sp(AB), sp(AC), sp(ABC)) decreased the BPA substance in leaves, proposing that mixed-hydroponic culture groups advanced BPA metabolism by improving CPR, GST, and GT enzyme activities. These results demonstrated that a mixed-hydroponic culture strategy can alleviate BPA phytotoxicity and possibly offer natural and potential phytoremediation methods for BPA.
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The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This work was supported by the Program of China Scholarship Council (No. 20120370391) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC0408000, 2018YFC0408004).
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All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by **anguang Nie. The first draft of the manuscript was written by **anguang Nie; all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Nie, X., Wang, L. Plant species compositions alleviate toxicological effects of bisphenol A by enhancing growth, antioxidant defense system, and detoxification. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 65755–65770 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20402-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20402-y