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Life Sciences
Biochemistry, general
Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics
Neurosciences
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Chapter
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Chapter
Fusion of Liposomes to Planar Bilayers
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, methods to reconstitute integral membrane channel-forming proteins into planar membranes were developed. There are now two basic strategies. The first is to fuse vesicles...
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The Reconstituted Acetylcholine Receptor
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the postsynaptic membrane protein that transduces the binding of acetylcholine (ACh) into the transient opening of a cation-selective channel. This signal-transdu...
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Function of Acetylcholine Receptors in Reconstituted Liposomes
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from the electric organ of various Torpedo species is the best-characterized neurotransmitter receptor and one of the best-characterized integral membrane proteins. The...
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Reconstitution of the Sodium Channel from Electrophorus Electricus
The sodium (Na+) channel that transiently depolarizes nerve and muscle membranes in the initial phase of the action potential (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952; Cahalan, 1980) is perhaps the archetypical voltage-gated ch...
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Gating of Batrachotoxin-Activated Sodium Channels in Lipid Bilayers
Sodium channels incorporated into planar lipid bilayers share many fundamental properties with sodium channels in general and thus provide a useful system for the study of various aspects of channel behavior. ...
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Blocking Pharmacology of Batrachotoxin-Activated Sodium Channels
Biochemical progress toward the mechanism of voltage-dependent Na+ channels has enjoyed the benefit of an extensive molecular pharmacology that includes natural specific toxins as well as synthetic chemical probe...
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Calcium Channels
Intracellular calcium ions play a critical role in many tissues. In many cases, a rise in intracellular calcium is the trigger for one or more cellular functions such as release of neurotransmitters from nerve...
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The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Potassium Channel
The conduction, gating, and pharmacological properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) K+ channel have been well characterized (Coronado et al., 1980; Coronado and Miller, 1980; Labarca et al., 1980; Miller, 1...
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Voltage Gating in VDAC
The reconstitution of transport systems into phospholipid bilayer membranes was originally undertaken in order to gain new insights into the structure and mechanism of action of these molecular machines. This ...
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The Physical Nature of Planar Bilayer Membranes
A major part of the general strategy for defining the structure-function relationships of ion channels is to reconstitute isolated channel proteins into planar lipid bilayer membranes separating two aqueous co...
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Superoxide Dismutase as a Model Ion Channel
Detailed information is now available on the biochemistry and physiology of ion channels; however, with certain exceptions such as gramicidin (Wallace, 1984), far less is known about their structures. Moreover...
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How to set up a Bilayer System
In this chapter I explain how to set up a planar bilayer system. The aim is to guide investigators taking their initial steps in the bilayer field in making their first setup. The intention is to give practica...
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Incorporation of Ion Channels by Fusion
From the time when Mueller and colleagues (1962) first developed the planar lipid bilayer, a major goal has been to incorporate biological membrane transport proteins into these electrically accessible model m...
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Immunologic Analysis of the Acetylcholine Receptor
Studies of receptors have come a long way in the past decade or so. It is no longer possible to study their pharmacological or electrophysiological properties without serious consideration of their macromolecu...
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Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channels
In mammalian muscle, a voltage-sensitive sodium channel controls the transient increase in membrane conductance that produces an action potential in the sarcolemma and T-tubular membranes. The time- and voltag...
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The Reconstituted Sodium Channel from Brain
The voltage-sensitive sodium channel mediates the inward sodium current during the depolarizing phase of an action potential. Because of its central role in impulse conduction, it has been the subject of exten...
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Ion Conduction Through Sodium Channels in Planar Lipid Bilayers
Ion-permeable channels often derive their generic names from the specialized conductance and permeability properties they possess, the voltage-dependent Na+ channel being no exception. Apart from their use in ide...
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The Large Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel
In many types of cells an increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration triggers a K+ conductance. This effect, first discovered in red blood cells (Gárdos, 1958), is mediated by ion channels in the membrane known as ...
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Phosphorylation of a Reconstituted Potassium Channel
Ion channels in biological membranes are dynamic entities. They of course act as pores through which ions can move down their electrochemical gradients, but more than that, many of them are regulatable pores. ...
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Characterization of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels from Purified Skeletal Muscle Transverse Tubules
The activity of calcium channels contributes to a large number of cellular functions, of which the best known are neurotransmitter release, pacemaking, motility, and muscle contraction (Reuter, 1983; Hille, 19...
