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Article
Open AccessIntradermal but not intramuscular modified vaccinia Ankara immunizations protect against intravaginal tier2 simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenges in female macaques
Route of immunization can markedly influence the quality of immune response. Here, we show that intradermal (ID) but not intramuscular (IM) modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccinations provide protection from a...
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Article
Open AccessEvaluating the impact of three progestin-based hormonal contraceptive methods on immunologic changes in the female genital tract and systemically (CHIME Study): a prospective cohort study protocol
Gonadal hormones can modify immune function, which may impact susceptibility to infectious diseases, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There is limited knowledge about how hormonal contraceptives (...
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Reference Work Entry In depth
Understanding Immune Senescence, Exhaustion, and Immune Activation in HIV–Tuberculosis Coinfection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection accounts for high rates of global morbidity and mortality. Although the pathogeneses of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections are...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Understanding Immune Senescence, Exhaustion, and Immune Activation in HIV–Tuberculosis Coinfection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection accounts for high rates of global morbidity and mortality. Although the pathogeneses of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections are...
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Article
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection triggers spontaneous differential expression of biosignatures associated with T cell exhaustion and apoptosis signaling in peripheral blood mononucleocytes
Persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appears to trigger the onset of immune exhaustion to potentially assist viral persistence in the host, eventually leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of H...
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Article
Open AccessRole of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells underg...
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Article
Open AccessHepatitis C virus infection contributes to impregnation of markers of immune inhibition: potential preludes underlying viral latency and persistence
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Article
Open AccessMolecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection
Cellular immune responses play a crucial role in the control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. However, the virus succeeds in exploiting the immune system to its advantage and therefore, the ho...
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Article
Current Views on the Pathophysiology of GB Virus C Coinfection with HIV-1 Infection
GB virus C (GBV-C), a member of the Flaviviridae family of viruses, recently received considerable attention largely owing to its potential role in decelerating HIV-1 disease progression by interfering with HI...
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Article
Enhancing SIV-specific immunity in vivo by PD-1 blockade
Blockade of PD-1 (programmed death-1), a B7/CD28 family immune-receptor molecule that inhibits the immune response to chronic viral infections, is shown to improve anti-viral immune responses in SIV-infected m...
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Article
Open AccessDoes CD4+CD25+foxp3+ cell (Treg) and IL-10 profile determine susceptibility to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV disease?
HIV-specific T-lymphocyte responses that underlie IRIS are incomplete and largely remain hypothetical. Of the several mechanisms presented by the host to control host immunological damage, Treg cells are belie...
