Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment
Retrospects and Prospects
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Molluscicides
Molluscicides are compounds used to control snails and slugs in vegetables, flower gardens, and citrus groves. Medically, aquatic snails of several genera such as Builinus, Oncomelonia, and Ostralorbis are extrem...
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Insecticides Acting as GABA-Ergic Agents
The GABA receptor-chloride ionophore contains the GABA recognition site and binding sites for a variety of agonists and antagonists (Fig. 10.1).
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Toxicology of Insecticides
Toxic interaction of a chemical with a given biological system is dose-related. Hence, toxicology can be termed the science of doses. The toxicity of an insecticide to an organism is usually expressed in terms of...
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Evaluation of Toxicity in Insects
The susceptibility of an insect population to a poison is assessed by constructing a dosage-mortality curve in which the dosage is plotted against the percentage mortality at a given period of time. Such a plo...
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Organophosphorus Insecticides
The organophosphorus (OP) compounds are one of the largest groups of insecticides in use today and they have largely replaced the organochlorine insecticides. They are neutral ester or amide derivatives of pho...
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Botanical Insecticides
As early as 1690 water extracts of tobacco leaves were used to control sucking insects on garden plants (for the history of nicotine see Shepard 1951; for the reviews see Yamamoto 1965; Schmeltz 1971). The use...
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Introduction
Since the dawn of civilization, insects have been plaguing human habitats as we see from the vivid descriptions of the plagues of insects recorded in ancient literature, such as the Bible. The Bible mentions p...
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Synergists
The term “synergism” is used for cases where two compounds together show a more concerted activity than that predicted from the sum of their individual activities. Often one component is not toxic or far less ...
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Formulations of Insecticides
The majority of insecticides are applied as sprays, dusts, granules, microcapsules, vapors, aerosols, or seed dressings. After an insecticide is manufactured in a relatively pure form ( technical grade), it mu...
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Compounds Interfering with ATP Synthesis
In a respiratory system, the mitochondrial electron transport coupled with oxidative phosphorylation is the important step to produce ATP which is vital to any organism and vulnerable to pesticides. During var...
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Insect Sterilants
The control and eradication of insect pests by means of sterile insects has been a revolutionary idea in entomology. The method consists of breeding insects in the laboratory in large numbers, sterilizing them...
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Methods of Testing Chemicals on Insects
There are several ways of administering a chemical to an insect. A commonly employed method is topical application, where the insecticide is dissolved in a relatively nontoxic solvent, such as acetone, and sma...
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Fumigants and Nematicides
It has been estimated that plant-parasitic nematodes are as important economically as fungi, bacteria, or viruses. Nematodes distribute about 0.3 m below the soil surface. Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Tylenchulus, Ro...
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Microbial Insecticides
Microbial insecticides are those microorganisms or their products that are capable of attacking and killing pest insects. This may be considered to be an aspect of biological control, but when one is dealing w...
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Evaluation of Toxicity in Higher Animals
Evaluation of toxicity in higher animals is different from that of insects in that the number of available animals for testing usually is limited. While the process for determining LD50 is identical, greater emph...
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Rodenticides
Rodenticides are substances used to control rodent pests such as rats, mice, gophers, ground squirrels, and others. They consist of a wide variety of chemicals differing in their chemical structure, biological...
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Carbamate Insecticides
Biologically active carbamates have been used as far back as the 17th century in the old Calabar region of southeast Nigeria. The Effiks who inhabited the area used to collect the coffee-colored Calabar beans ...
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Synthetic Pyrethroids
Pyrethroids are synthetic compounds based on natural pyrethrins as models, generally arrived at by systematic variation of parts of the molecule for the purpose of improving photostability and insecticidal act...
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Function and Classification
The term pesticide is an all-inclusive word meaning killer of pests (the ending “cide” comes from the Latin “cida”, meaning killer). Pesticides are legally classed as economic poisons and are defined as any su...
