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Identification and characterization of microplastics contamination in domestic sewage wastewater irrigated of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) agricultural field
Microplastics (MP) pollution has become a matter of an emerging global pollutant concern due to its numerous harmful effects on the ecosystem, particularly the terrestrial environment. Compared to aquatic bodi...
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Chlorogenic Acid
Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound (Fig. 1). It is an antioxidant and a carcinogenic inhibitor; however, its presence in oilseeds and grains poses nutritional problems. Chlorogenic acid found in the range of...
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Phorbol Esters
The term phorbol is loosely used to describe a family of naturally occurring compounds referred to as tiglian diterpenes. These are widely distributed in the plant species of the families Euphorbiaceae and Thymel...
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Chymotrypsin Inhibitor
Similar to the trypsin inhibitor, the chymotrypsin inhibitor also decreases protein degradability in the intestine, resulting in lower availability of amino acids and peptides for production purposes. This adv...
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Phytohemagglutin/Lectin
Lectins are proteins in nature with molecular weight ranging from 60,000 to 100,000 Da. Many lectins contain covalently bound sugar moieties and are glycoprotein in nature. These are also called phytohemagglut...
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Oxalic Acid
Oxalate is a common constituent of many plant species. Some crop plants accumulate high levels of this dicarboxylic acid anion (oxalate). Depending on the species, oxalate accumulates primarily as soluble oxal...
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L-Mimosine (β-(3-Hydroxy-4-Pyridone-1-yl)-L-Alanine)
L-mimosine is a nonprotein amino acid. Despite the consideration of Leucaena leucocephala as a promising alternate source of protein for fodder, the presence of mimosine to the extent of 2% to 10% ...
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L-DOPA (L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine)
The nonprotein amino acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) (Fig. 1) is present in high concentrations (about 3–6%) in Mucuna spp. The in vitro addition of L-DOPA to the red blood cells from individuals defici...
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Cyanogenic Glucosides/Cyanogens
Cyanide (hydrogen cyanide, HCN) in trace amounts is widespread in the plant kingdom and occurs mainly in the form of cyanogenic glucosides (also called as cyanogens). Cyanogens are glycosides of sugar and cyan...
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Gossypol
Gossypol is a polyphenolic aldehyde (Fig. 1) that is an antioxidant and polymerization inhibitor. It is toxic to monogastric animals; pigs and rabbits are the most sensitive, whereas poultry are relatively more t...
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Saponins
Saponins comprise a large family of structurally related compounds containing a steroid or triterpenoid aglycone (sapogenin) linked to one or more oligosaccharide moieties by glycosidic linkage (Fig. 1). The carb...
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Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a diverse group of organic bases containing secondary, tertiary, or cyclic amines. Some 5500 alkaloids are known, comprising the largest single class of secondary plant substances. There is no on...
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Trypsin Inhibitor
Among the many factors that have been implicated as having an adverse effect on the nutritional value of proteins is a class of proteins, known as protease inhibitors, that has the ability to inhibit the prote...
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α-Amylase Inhibitor
α-Amylase inhibitors are heat-labile proteins that are active against salivary, pancreatic, bacterial, or insect α-amylases. Two thirds of the albumin fractions of wheat are composed of multiple protein compon...
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Phytic Acid
Phytic acid, a cyclic compound (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis dihydrogen phosphate myoinositol) is a common storage form of phosphorus in seeds and is also considered as an antinutritional factor. Phytic acid, as a resu...
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Nitrate and Nitrite
Occasionally forages accumulate nitrates in quantities that are toxic to some farm animals. Under certain environmental conditions, some plants may accumulate high concentrations of nitrates. The factors that ...
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Canavanine
Canavanine [2-amino-4-(guanidinooxy) butanoic acid] occurs in over 350 species of the papilionoideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. It is an analogue of arginine (Fig. 1). The highest concentration of canavanin...
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Glucosinolates
Glucosinolates, a group of plant thioglucosides, occur naturally in many plant species. These consist of a β-thioglucose moiety, a sulfonated oxime moiety, and a variable side chain derived from an amino acid....
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Tannins
Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that are broadly categorized into two major groups: (1) hydrolyzable tannins, consisting of a central core of carbohydrate to which phenolic carboxylic acids are bound by est...
