Subcortical Structures and Cognition
Implications for Neuropsychological Assessment
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The Integrated Brain: Implications for Neuropsychological Evaluation
If you have come this far, dear reader, you have come a long way in modifying your knowledge about brain–behavior relationships. You have learned information about brain structures that have traditionally been...
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Chapter
The Basal Ganglia: Beyond the Motor System—From Movement to Thought
In studying and practising a cortico-centric model of neuropsychology, few students or clinicians likely pay much attention to or fully understand the functions of the basal ganglia, a set of interconnected su...
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Learning and the Basal Ganglia: Benefiting from Action and Reinforcement
Many—if not most—of our daily activities should really be considered organized patterns of behavior that we implement in order to achieve specific goals. This would include activities such as hygiene, dressing...
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Automaticity and Higher-Order Control in Communication: A Brief Introduction to Language and Social Cognition
Language is a powerful cognitive tool. It enables us to live in groups and to socialize. These are easy things to take for granted, and we often neglect the fact that language is actually much more than a soci...
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Familiarity and Novelty—Evaluating the Frontostriatal System
Previous chapters of this book have demonstrated that behavioral output is a function of cooperation between three brain regions, namely, the cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. It was proposed that...
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The Cerebellum in Neuropsychological Testing
As we have seen, the cerebellum plays a role in a variety of cognitive processes. These domains include attention and executive functioning, speech and language, visuospatial functioning, and learning and memo...
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Introduction: Movement, Cognition, and the Vertically Organized Brain
How does the mind work? This question has puzzled philosophers, physicians, and artists for centuries. This question has led to remarkable discoveries, and in turn, further questions. Currently, technological ...
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Frontal–Subcortical Real Estate: Location, Location, Location
The previous chapter described the functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. This chapter describes the functions of the separate prototypical circuits that connect the basal ganglia with the cortex. It al...
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The Cerebellum: Quality Control, Creativity, Intuition, and Unconscious Working Memory
Cerebellum is a Latin word that means “little brain.” While the cerebellum might be little in gross appearance relative to the neocortex, it is certainly not little in terms of its composition and function. Th...
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The Vertically Organized Brain in Clinical Psychiatric Disorders
Neuropsychology has long struggled with issues of diagnosis. As neuropsychologists, we are trained in the language of brain–behavior relationships. However, most patient populations carry diagnoses made throug...
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Thought in Action: Procedural Learning, Processing Speed, and Automaticity
Learning and memory are essential to almost everything we do, from the time we wake in the morning to the time we turn-in for the night. Memory is one of the functions that provides continuity to our existence...
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The Basal Ganglia and Neuropsychological Testing
The distributed frontal–subcortical system consists of connected cortical and subcortical structures. While this can be referred to as the frontostriatal system, the anatomic connections originate in the prefr...
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Article
Adaptation, Expertise, and Giftedness: Towards an Understanding of Cortical, Subcortical, and Cerebellar Network Contributions
Current cortico-centric models of cognition lack a cohesive neuroanatomic framework that sufficiently considers overlap** levels of function, from “pathological” through “normal” to “gifted” or exceptional a...
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Article
Sensory Integration, Sensory Processing, and Sensory Modulation Disorders: Putative Functional Neuroanatomic Underpinnings
This paper examines conditions that have variously been called sensory integration disorder, sensory processing disorder, and sensory modulation disorder (SID/SPD/SMD). As these conditions lack readily and con...
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Article
From Movement to Thought: Executive Function, Embodied Cognition, and the Cerebellum
This paper posits that the brain evolved for the control of action rather than for the development of cognition per se. We note that the terms commonly used to describe brain–behavior relationships define, and...
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ADHD and Neuropsychological Nomenclature
While the DSM defines a diagnosis by a set of behaviors that are assigned to a category, neuropsychology, the study of brain–behavior relationships [28], seeks to identify the brain regions, systems, and/or ne...
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Preliminary Answers to the Question
While specific neuropsychological tests can identify key features of ADHD, their scope is limited to measuring symptoms of ADHD; they do not identify groups of heterogeneous symptoms necessary to make a catego...
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Book
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The Ontogeny of Functional Brain Networks
Within the cerebral cortex, the neurocognitive functions of attention, visual and auditory information processing, memory, and the cognitive control of working memory rely on the development of distinct, yet i...
