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ADHD and Neuropsychological Nomenclature
While the DSM defines a diagnosis by a set of behaviors that are assigned to a category, neuropsychology, the study of brain–behavior relationships [28], seeks to identify the brain regions, systems, and/or ne...
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Preliminary Answers to the Question
While specific neuropsychological tests can identify key features of ADHD, their scope is limited to measuring symptoms of ADHD; they do not identify groups of heterogeneous symptoms necessary to make a catego...
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The Ontogeny of Functional Brain Networks
Within the cerebral cortex, the neurocognitive functions of attention, visual and auditory information processing, memory, and the cognitive control of working memory rely on the development of distinct, yet i...
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The Selection Problem
In consideration of the complexity of interconnectivity circuitry profiles and their relationship with ADHD, summarizing posterior regions of the neocortex as exquisite sensory processors and anterior neocorti...
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The Modular Organization of the Cerebellum
The cerebellum is organized along an anterior–posterior and lateral–medial gradient. The anterior lobes of the cerebellum are involved in movement—typically that which is very well practiced or automatic.
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Broad-Based Neuropsychological Test Batteries and ADHD
Clinical neuropsychology has made important theoretical contributions to current neuroscientific inquiry into ADHD [66, 67]. The research typically validates various findings of importance to the disorder by o...
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Neuroscience, Neuropsychology, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: ADHD as a Model of Brain-Behavior Relationships
Most brain models of human behavior are cortico-centric and assume that behavior is primarily driven by the neocortex. The cortico-centric model assumes the primary purpose of the brain is to “think.” It focus...
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Neuropsychological Models of Attention and ADHD
Clinical neuropsychology, distinct from neuroscience, is primarily concerned with understanding brain–behavior relationships that drive higher-order cognitive functions. Our “cognitive machinery” is typically ...
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The Neocortex, Regional Functional Specialization, and Cognitive Networks
Functional specialization can be defined as the degree of information processing specificity of a given brain region for a particular cognitive ability or facet of cognitive/behavioral operations.
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The Basal Ganglia and Intention Programs
Denckla and Reiss were perhaps the first to propose ADHD as a disorder of intention rather than as a disorder of attention. Understanding cortico-basal ganglia connections allows us to conceptualize ADHD as a dis...
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Reward Circuitry and the Basal Ganglia
Cortical–basal ganglia circuitry and these integrative networks allow us to understand how stimuli might be transformed into actions that lead to desired, intended, or expected outcomes. The reward circuit pla...
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Revisiting Neuropsychological Testing and the Paradox of ADHD
Structural and functional neuroimaging research into ADHD has generated overwhelming and compelling evidence that ADHD symptoms are a manifestation of abnormally functioning brain circuitry [4, 38, 156, 260, 2...
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Concluding Remarks
The diagnostic categories of ADHD that group sets of heterogeneous symptoms have failed to align with the findings that have emerged from various disciplines in the neurosciences.
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ADHD, Attention, and DSM Diagnosis: History and Context
The diagnostic and statistical manual of psychiatric disorders (DSM) represents a categorical approach to behavioral diagnosis in which a person is considered to have or not have a disorder based on whether he...
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Diagnostic Systems and Etiological Models
The DSM system is based on a medical model of etiology that assumes, broadly speaking, that a disease process has a single identifiable cause that can generate a group of symptoms. This made more sense when th...
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Dimensional Approaches for Evaluating Disorders: Research Domain Criteria
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is an approach to conceptualizing disorders and studying symptoms that provides an alternative and complement to the DSM classification system. The National Institutes of Mental...
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Large-Scale Brain Networks and Functional Connectivity
Yeo and colleagues, using MRI-related indices of brain anatomy and functional connectivity from 1,000 healthy adult subjects, recently observed the remarkable replicability of the same seven patterns of cortic...
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Large-Scale Brain Network Disturbances in ADHD
A recent meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies of children and adults with ADHD presented compelling evidence that the symptoms of ADHD are behavioral manifestations of dysfunction in multiple neuronal networks tha...
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The Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are a collection of bilaterally represented, anatomically and functionally linked groups of gray matter nuclei located deep within the white matter of the brain. They lie at the core of the c...
