-
Article
Subdomain dynamics enable chemical chain reactions in non-ribosomal peptide synthetases
Many peptide-derived natural products are produced by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in an assembly-line fashion. Each amino acid is coupled to a designated peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) through tw...
-
Article
Open AccessAPE1 distinguishes DNA substrates in exonucleolytic cleavage by induced space-filling
The exonuclease activity of Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is responsible for processing matched/mismatched terminus in various DNA repair pathways and for removing nucleoside analogs associated w...
-
Article
Open AccessAn incoherent feed-forward loop switches the Arabidopsis clock rapidly between two hysteretic states
In higher plants (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana), the core structure of the circadian clock is mostly governed by a repression process with very few direct activators. With a series of simplified models, we studied ...
-
Article
Open AccessLWD–TCP complex activates the morning gene CCA1 in Arabidopsis
A double-negative feedback loop formed by the morning genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1)/LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and the evening gene TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1) contributes to regulation of the...
-
Protocol
Confocal Single-Molecule FRET for Protein Conformational Dynamics
Single-molecule Fӧrster-type resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a unique technique capable of following conformational motions of individual protein molecules. The direct observation of individual proteins ...
-
Article
Effects of Excipients on the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidation of Methionine Residues in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
The objective of this study was to elucidate the different mechanisms of action of different excipients on the oxidation of Met1, Met122, Met127, and Met138 in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by usi...
-
Article
Effects of Antioxidants on the Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Oxidation of Methionine Residues in Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Human Parathyroid Hormone Fragment 13-34
The effects and mechanisms of different antioxidants, methionine, glutathione, acetylcysteine, and ascorbic acid (AscH2), on the oxidation of methionine residues in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) a...
