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Article
Open AccessSeasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis: vertical transfer challenged
Symbiotic associations are dynamic systems influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we describe for the first time the developmental and seasonal changes of the funicular bodies in the bryozoan De...
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Article
Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa
Morpho-functional polymorphism of modules, also known as “division of labor”, is a widespread phenomenon independently evolving multiple times in the colonies of many aquatic invertebrates and invertebrate cho...
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Article
From Prokaryota to Eumetazoa: Symbiotic Associations in Fossil and Recent Bryozoans
The life of sedentary organisms faces strong competition for space against neighboring epibionts, and the impact of predators. The emergence of various adaptations to cope these problems includes establishing ...
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Article
Open AccessFirst evidence of virus-like particles in the bacterial symbionts of Bryozoa
Bacteriophage communities associated with humans and vertebrate animals have been extensively studied, but the data on phages living in invertebrates remain scarce. In fact, they have never been reported for m...
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Article
Open AccessUltrastructural evidence for nutritional relationships between a marine colonial invertebrate (Bryozoa) and its bacterial symbionts
Autozooids of the cheilostome bryozoan Aquiloniella scabra contain rod-like bacteria in the funicular bodies – the complex swellings of the funicular strands. Each funicular body contains symbionts in the central...
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Article
Comparative analysis of the nervous system structure of polymorphic zooids in marine bryozoans
The nervous system structure was compared for the first time in avicularia and vibracula in seven species of the cheilostome bryozoans from six families by immunohistochemical methods and confocal scanning mic...
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Article
Distribution of serotonin and FMRF-amide in the nervous system of different zooidal types of cheilostome bryozoa: A case study of Arctonula arctica
In the White Sea bryozoans Arctonula arctica, the structure of the nervous system and distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and FMRF-amide were studied for the first time using immunohistochemical methods an...
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Article
Compensation of diode nonlinearity
The above circuit can be used for ac milliammeters and millivoltmeters, for linear detection in radio receivers, etc.