22 Result(s)
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Chapter
Digital Images of Microstructures
There are many types of LOM including those using reflected light and those employing transmitted light. In this book, only the metallurgical microscope based on the principle of reflected light will be addres...
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Chapter
Fundamental Statistics
According to the value of fractal dimension, the basic elements of material microstructures can be divided into two classes: regular objects (whose fractal dimensions are integer) and irregular objects (whose ...
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Chapter
Fractal Measurements of Projection Microstructures
The main task of the fractal measurements is to determine the fractal dimension. Usually, a physical object is fractal only within a limited range of scales. The scaling range, often characterized by a length,...
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Chapter
Irregularity of Graphite Nodules
The first seven chapters of this monograph “set the scene” for the applications of fractal analysis in the quantification of the microstructures from materials. The remaining chapters (8 to 11) are written in ...
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Chapter
Introduction
Microstructures of materials refer to a set of basic elements such as the arrangement of atoms or molecules, dislocations, grains, particles, surfaces, boundaries, etc. These basic elements may be made to appe...
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Chapter
Fractal Growth of Graphite Nodules
Researches on the growth of graphite nodules in malleable iron have currently been based on the assumption that graphite nodules are spherical et al. 1954; Owen et al., 1956; Birchenall et al., 1956; Burke, 1959 ...
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Chapter
Fractal-based Study of Magnetic Thin Films
AFM and MFM (Mamin et al., 1989) have been extensively used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface morphologies and magnetic microstructures of magnetic media. Quantitative analysis provides im...
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Fractal-based Study of Fracture Surfaces
Fracture is one of the most intriguing processes in material science and engineering as it is associated with the life and safety of engineering components. The mechanisms leading to fracture are very complex ...
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Chapter
Image Processing
Image processing involves operations in the collection of information from signal processing of the 2D projections of a 3D scene. The image operations are defined as necessary changes of images so that quantit...
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Chapter
Fractal Fundamentals
“How long is the coast of Britain?” Mandelbrot (1982), establishing the great work of THE FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF NATURE, asked this interesting question. His answer was that its length is uncertain but depends on...
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Chapter
Fractal Measurements of Topographical Images from 3D Surfaces
Surfaces play an important role in many physical processes of materials. 3D information is related to the surfaces involved in scientific and engineering problems such as the growth front of thin films, interf...
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Chapter
Introduction to Mechanical Alloying
Mechanical alloying is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high energy collision from the balls. The process is usually carried out in an inert atmosphere. It ...
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Chapter
Characterization of Powders
Size, distribution of size and surface area of powder particles are important parameters in mechanical alloying and milling. They will influence the chemical reaction not only during milling but also post proc...
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Chapter
Mechanical Properties
A potential application of the mechanical alloying technique is to strengthen a material via extremely fine oxide dispersoids. Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys possess higher creep resistance and greater s...
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Chapter
Experimental Set-up
For mechanical alloying, the powder mixture which may be elemental powder particles or alloying particles, is charged in the container (also known as bowl, vial, or jar) of a ball milling machine (or a ball mi...
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Chapter
Densification
A simple densification method is to use cold compaction to obtain relative high density of the green compacts. Like ordinary powder metallurgy process, higher compaction densities may result in better green st...
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Chapter
Mechanisms of Mechanical Alloying
Unlike conventional processes in which materials are produced either by melting or sintering at high temperature, synthesis of different types of materials using the mechanical alloying or milling process is g...
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Chapter
The Mechanical Alloying Process
The mechanical alloying/milling process is a solid state powder process where the powder particles are subjected to high energetic impact by the balls in a vial. As the powder particles in the vial are continu...
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Chapter
Modeling of Mechanical Alloying
Mechanical alloying is a process governed by the phenomena of repeated cold welding and fracturing. The degree of cold welding and fracturing and hence the effect of mechanical alloying are directly associated...
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Chapter
Formation of New Materials
The first application of mechanical alloying was to develop oxide dispersion strengthened Ni-base alloys (in short, ODS alloys) for use in aircraft engine (1). Currently, ODS alloys have been developed from diffe...
