Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a crucial role in ameliorating abiotic stress in plants. Abiotic stress refers to non-living environmental factors that negatively impact plant growth and development, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, heavy metals, and nutrient deficiencies. On the other hand, calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (NPs) have significant antimicrobial properties and unique structural and optical properties; environmentally, they are considered safe for all living organisms. Kee** in view the stress mitigation potential of CaO⎯NPS and Bacillus mycoides PM35, the existing research work was premeditated to inspect the beneficial role of seed priming with using different levels of CaO⎯NPs i.e., 0, 25 and 50 mg L⎯1 and soil incubation with B. mycoides PM35 i.e., 0, 10 and 20 µL on biochemical, morphological and physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays) plants under different levels of Cr in the soil i.e., 0, 50 and 100 mg kg− 1. Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of Cr in the soil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants and altered the response of various antioxidants compounds such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and the specific gene expression. In contrast, increasing levels of Cr in the soil significantly (P < 0.05) increased oxidative stress indicators in term of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage and also increased organic acid exudation patter in the roots of Z. mays. The negative impact of Cr toxicity can overcome the application of B. mycoides PM35 and CaO⎯NPs, which ultimately increased plant growth and biomass by capturing the reactive oxygen species, and decreased oxidative stress in Z. mays by decreasing the Cr contents in the roots and shoots of the plants. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the individual application of B. mycoides PM35 and CaO⎯NPs can ameliorate Cr toxicity in Z. mays, resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.
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Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R93), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Conceptualization, Sami Asir Al-Robai, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; Data curation, Fahad M. Alzuaibr, Suliman M S Alghanem, Baber Ali; formal analysis, Baber Ali, Shah Fahad Adel I. Alalawy, Suliman M S Alghanem; funding acquisition, Sami Asir Al-Robai, Baber Ali, Adel I. Alalawy, Suliman M S Alghanem; investigation, Shah Fahad, Amany H. A. Abeed; methodology, Baber Ali, Amany H. A. Abeed; project administration, Amany H. A. Abeed, Shah Fahad; resources, Amany H. A. Abeed; software, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Shafaqat Ali, Sami Asir Al-Robai, Haifa Abdulaziz Sakit Al-Haithloul, Fahad M. Alzuaibr, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; validation, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Abdulrahman Alasmari; visualization, Haifa Abdulaziz Sakit Al-Haithloul, Abdulrahman Alasmari, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail; writing—original draft, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail, Haifa Abdulaziz Sakit Al-Haithloul Suliman M S Alghanem, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Sameera A. Alghamdi, Shah Fahad, Sami Asir Al-Robai, Adel I. Alalawy, Fahad M. Alzuaibr, Shafaqat Ali; writing—review and editing, Shah Fahad, Sami Asir Al-Robai, Abdulrahman Alasmari, Haifa Abdulaziz Sakit Al-Haithloul Amany H. A. Abeed, Abdulrahman Alasmari, Adel I. Alalawy, Fahad M. Alzuaibr, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Shafaqat Ali. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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AL-Huqail, A.A., Alghanem, S., Alghamdi, S.A. et al. Coactive Application of Bacillus Mycoides PM35 and Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Stimulate Gene Expression Responses in Maize (Zea Mays L.) under Chromium Stress. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01826-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01826-6