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Characterization of novel adsorbents from Phoenix dactylifera rachis. Box–Behnken design, kinetic, and isotherm models for BEZAKTIV Red S-MAX dye adsorption onto the produced carbons

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Abstract

The objective of this work was to characterize the produced activated carbons based on Phoenix dactylifera rachis (date palm rachis: RP) using steam with different burn-off values (45, 55, and 65%), and then use those carbons to eliminate BEZAKTIV Red S-MAX (RS), a commercial textile dye. The characterization of the carbons was carried out by analyzing N2 adsorption–desorption, SEM, FTIR, TGA/SM, Boehm titration, and pHPZC. The specific surface area S2D-NLDFT was 500, 646, and 507 m2/g for the activated carbons PRAC45, PRAC55, and PRAC65, respectively. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) of experiments was applied to determine the influence of burn-off (A), initial concentration (B), and pH of the solution (C) for the RS dye elimination from the aqueous system. The significant interactions between the factors were AB and BC with p-value < 0.05. The RS dye adsorption experiments were examined by applying the kinetic and isotherm models and by studying temperature and pH effect. It was found that the RS adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (R2 > 0.99) and the removal data were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity Qm of RS dye was 198 mg/g for PRAC55. The regeneration of the carbons using thermal treatment was tested, and it revealed that the specific surface area S2D-NLDFT and the RS adsorption capacity Qm increased after the regeneration to 965 m2/g and 56.3 mg/g, respectively, for PRAC55. The Phoenix dactylifera rachis adsorbents could eliminate industrial wastewater (IW) which contains BEZAKTIV dyes with an adsorption rate superior to 55%.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Matthieu DEBAL for his assistance in the biomass conversion process and Zineb THAMINY for her assistance in the English language. They would also like to thank Omar BENKIH for providing Reactive dye.

Funding

The work was financially supported by the Ecole Normale Superieure Taleb Abderrahmane of Laghouat (Algeria), the Laboratory for Physico-chemical Study of Materials and Application on the Environment, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, Algiers (Algeria), and the University of Lorraine (France).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d’Etude Physico-chimique des Matériaux et Application à l’Environnement, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Alger, Algeria

    Mounir Daoud, Zoubida Kecira & Oumessaâd Benturki

  2. Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure Taleb Abderrahmane de Laghouat, BP 4033 Rue des martyrs – La gare, 03000, Laghouat, Algeria

    Mounir Daoud

  3. Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, ERBE, F-88000, EPINAL, France

    Pierre Girods & Yann Rogaume

  4. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000, Nancy, France

    Sébastien Fontana

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  1. Mounir Daoud
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  2. Zoubida Kecira
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  3. Oumessaâd Benturki
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  4. Pierre Girods
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Contributions

Mounir Daoud designed and performed the experiments, derived the models, and interpreted the results. Oumessaâd Benturki and Yann Rogaume supervised the project and were in charge of the overall direction. Zoubida Kecira assisted with FTIR measurements and helped carry out the dye adsorption study. Sébastien Fontana characterized the adsorbents with several methods (N2 Adsorption, TGA/SM, and SEM). Pierre Girods supervised the production of the adsorbents and analyzed them with Elemental analysis. Mounir Daoud analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript in consultation with Sébastien Fontana and Pierre Girods. The authors have read and agreed the published version of the manuscript.

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Daoud, M., Kecira, Z., Benturki, O. et al. Characterization of novel adsorbents from Phoenix dactylifera rachis. Box–Behnken design, kinetic, and isotherm models for BEZAKTIV Red S-MAX dye adsorption onto the produced carbons. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04359-7

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