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Tea waste derived activated carbon for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac from wastewater: adsorbent characteristics, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics

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Abstract

The present experimental study reports the performance of tea waste (TW) derived adsorbent for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac (SD) from aqueous solution (SD concentration = 10–50 mg/L). The waste-derived activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation process of raw waste using H2SO4, KOH, ZnCl2, and K2CO3 as activating agents (TW: activating agent = 1:1 by weight). Subsequently, the oven-dried material was carbonized at 600-°C temperature for 2 h. The synthesized adsorbents were porous and their Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area was ranged 115–865 m2/g. Among all synthesized adsorbents, the adsorbent activated by ZnCl2 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (= 62 mg/g), though it was much lower compared to 91 mg/g obtained with commercial activated carbon (CAC) (SD concentration = 30 mg/L, adsorbent dose = 300 mg/L and initial wastewater pH = 6.47). SD equilibrium data could be described by Langmuir isotherm adequately, while pseudo-second-order rate model showed better fit to the time based adsorption data. Low activation energy of the adsorption process suggests the reaction to be temperature independent. Thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption process conducted in the presence of waste derived adsorbent.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay and Department of Material Sciences and Metallurgical Engineering (MEMS) of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India for their support to analyze the adsorbents.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Milan Malhotra, Sumathi Suresh & Anurag Garg

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  1. Milan Malhotra
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  2. Sumathi Suresh
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  3. Anurag Garg
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Correspondence to Anurag Garg.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Malhotra, M., Suresh, S. & Garg, A. Tea waste derived activated carbon for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac from wastewater: adsorbent characteristics, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 32210–32220 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3148-y

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