Abstract
The Indus Delta mangroves along the coastline of Pakistan are one of most ecologically diverse ecosystems with unlimited environmental services, socioeconomic benefits and promising climate change mitigation potential in the form of blue carbon. This valuable ecosystem confronts multiple threats due to major environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. Among these factors, the quality of water and soil which serves as the basic habitat for the growth of mangroves, particularly for newly planted species, is critical and therefore needs assessment. This pilot study aims to monitor the impact of pH and salinity gradients in water and soil samples on the early growth stage of young mangroves planted in 2021 at three sites of Indus Delta; Keti Bandar, Shah Bandar and Dabbo Creek in a gradient-wise manner (landward, middleward and seaward). Multivariate methods based on principal component analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to quantify the statistical significance of pH and salinity in water (PHW and SW) and soil (PHS and SS), and soil salinity profile parameters including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Geospatial distribution of all variables was also mapped using inverse distance weight (IDW) to present the geostatistical trends of environmental factors. The results showed that planted mangroves are positively influenced by salinity of water and ESP, however it was observed that pH of soil and SAR tend to have negative influence on planted mangroves growth. The study concludes that planted mangroves at seaward locations are highly sensitive to slight alteration in pH and salinity as compared to landward and middleward plantation sites. Keti Bandar and Shah Bandar have relatively similar physico-chemical conditions whereas pH and salinity trends in water and soil samples of Dabbo Creek are somewhat varying in terms of water and soil quality impacts. This pilot study recommends development of a strong mangroves monitoring plan at the Indus Delta to sustain the blue carbon ecosystem for future carbon stock accounting projects and blue carbon markets in Pakistan.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors are thankful to the REDD + Pakistan, Ministry of Climate Change, Government of Pakistan and Sindh Forest Department to collaborate and facilitate this research in “Implementing REDD + Readiness Preparation Proposal” with the financial support of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) of the World Bank.
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Shafique, T., Khan, M.A., Fatima, S.U. et al. Multivariate and geospatial monitoring of water and soil quality impact on planted mangroves growth pattern at Indus Delta: a pilot study. J Coast Conserv 26, 29 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-022-00873-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-022-00873-4