Abstract
Grains, pulses and oil seeds are vital food crops, around the world and serve as essential sources of healthy nutrients for human well-being. However, their quality and production face significant challenges due to salinity stress posing a formidable threat to conventional agriculture by impeding its growth and development. The economic impact of saline soil on irrigated land is estimated to be $27.3 billion annually, underscoring the severity of the issue. Salinity stress induces profound changes in physiological, molecular, and biochemical processes. While adaptive mechanisms at various levels have been identified, a comprehensive understanding of salinity tolerance in food crops remains elusive. Human activities such as deforestation and poor irrigation management, are major contributors to soil salinity. The socio-economic repercussions include diminished crop yield reduced profit margins, unemployment and declining land value due to soil infertility. Remarkably, a review focusing on salinity tolerance responses and mechanisms in key food crops (barley, oats, rye, pulses and oilseeds) is not present. This review aims to fill this gap by offering a comprehensive overview of plants responses to salinity stress across different levels, unravelling the intricacies of tolerance mechanism. Furthermore, the review delves into biotechnological approaches and strategies employed thus far to enhance salinity tolerance in major food crops.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No data sets were generated or analysed over the course of this investigation, hence data sharing is not applicable.
References
Afzal M, Hindawi SES, Alghamdi SS et al (2023) Potential breeding strategies for improving salt tolerance in crop plants. J Plant Growth Regul 42:3365–3387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10797-w
Agarwal PK, Jha B (2010) Transcription factors in plants and ABA dependent and independent abiotic stress signalling. Biol Plant 54:201–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0038-7
Agarwal PK, Gupta K, Jha B (2010) Molecular characterization of the Salicornia brachiata SbMAPKK gene and its expression by abiotic stress. Mol Biol Rep 37:981–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-009-9774-1
Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (2011) Abiotic stress responses in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. Springer Science & Business Media, Germany
Ahmed S (2009) Effect of soil salinity on the yield and yield components of mungbean. Pak J Bot 41(1):263–268
Alkharabsheh HM, Seleiman MF, Hewedy OA, Battaglia ML, Jalal RS, Alhammad BA, Al-Doss A (2021) Field crop responses and management strategies to mitigate soil salinity in modern agriculture: a review. Agronomy 11(11):2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112299
Amirbakhtiar N, Ismaili A, Ghaffari MR et al (2019) Transcriptome response of roots to salt stress in a salinity-tolerant bread wheat cultivar. PLoS ONE 14:0213305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213305
Anwar-ul-Haq M, Akram S, Akhtar J et al (2013) Morpho-physiological characterization of sunflower genotypes (Helianthus annuus L.) under saline condition. Pak J Agri Sci 50:49–54
Arefian M, Malekzadeh Shafaroudi S (2015) Physiological and gene expression analysis of extreme chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in response to salinity stress. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-1945-1
Arefian M, Vessal S, Malekzadeh-Shafaroudi S et al (2019) Comparative proteomics and gene expression analyses revealed responsive proteins and mechanisms for salt tolerance in chickpea genotypes. BMC Plant Biol 19:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1793-z
Arvas YE, Kocacaliskan İ, Erisen S, Ordu E (2023) Antioxidant and molecular response of mutant and native rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties grown under salt stress. Biologia 78:1199–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-023-01342-5
Askari M, Hamid N, Abideen Z et al (2023) Exogenous melatonin application stimulates growth, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant potential of white beans under salinity stress. S Afr J Bot 160:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.014
Bai J, Yan W, Wang Y, Yin Q, Liu J, Wight C, Ma B (2018) Screening oat genotypes for tolerance to salinity and alkalinity. Front Plant Sci 9:1302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01302
Beinsan C, Sumalan R, Velicevici G et al (2018) Seed germination and Physiological Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars under saline conditions. Bull Univ Agricultural Sci Veterinary Med Cluj-Napoca Hortic 75:4–10. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:003817
Chaudhary M, Mandal A, Muduli S, Deepasree A (2022) Agronomic biofortification of food crops: a sustainable way to Boost Nutritional Security. Revisiting plant biostimulants. IntechOpen, London, pp 1–23. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103750
Chen W, Hou Z, Wu L, Liang Y, Wei C (2010) Effects of salinity and nitrogen on cotton growth in arid environment. Plant Soil 326(1–2):61–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9881-0
Chen Y, Chi Y, Meng Q, Wang X, Yu D (2018) GmSK1, an SKP1 homologue in soybean, is involved in the tolerance to salt and drought. Plant Physiol Biochem 127:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.007
Choudhary OP, Kharche VK (2018) Soil salinity and sodicity. Soil Science: Introduction 12:353–384
Damodaran T, Rai RB, Jha SK, Sharma DK, Mishra VK, Dhama K, Sah V (2013) Impact of social factors in adoption of CSR BIO-A cost effective, eco-friendly bio-growth enhancer for sustainable crop production. South Asian J Exp Biol 3(4):158–165
Degryse F, Verma VK, Smolders E (2008) Mobilization of Cu and Zn by root exudates of dicotyledonous plants in resin-buffered solutions and in soil. Plant Soil 306(1):69–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9449-4
Desheva G, Valchinova E, Pencheva A, Tosheva S (2019) The effect of salinity (NaCl) on germination and early seedling growth of rye seeds. Field Crop Stud 12(4):9–24
Desheva G, Desheva GN, Stamatov SK (2020) Germination and early seedling growth characteristics of Arachis hypogaea L. under Salinity (NaCl) stress. Agric Conspec Sci 85(2):113–121
Devi S, Phogat DS, Satpal Goyal V (2019) Responses of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes under salt stress. Int J Chem Stud 7:734–737
Di Martino C, Delfine S, Pizzuto R, Loreto F, Fuggi A (2003) Free amino acids and glycine betaine in leaf osmoregulation of spinach responding to increasing salt stress. New Phytol 158(3):455–463. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00770.x
Dissanayake R, Cogan NO, Smith KF, Kaur S (2021) Application of genomics to understand salt tolerance in lentil. Genes 12(3):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12030332
El Sabagh A, Sorour S, Ragab A, Islam MS, Barutçular C, Ueda A, Saneoka H (2015) Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on soybean (Glycine max. L.) by using osmoprotectants and organic nutrients. Int J Agric Bios Eng 9(9):1014–1018
El-Badri AM, Batool M, Wang C et al (2021) Selenium and zinc oxide nanoparticles modulate the molecular and morpho-physiological processes during seed germination of Brassica napus under salt stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 225:112695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112695
El-Monem A, Sharaf M (2008) Tolerance of five genotypes of lentil to NaCl-salinity stress. New York Sci J 1(3):70–80
Etesami H, Fatemi H, Rizwan M (2021) Interactions of nanoparticles and salinity stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels in plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 225:112769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112769
FAO (2017) FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home. Accessed 26 March 2021
FAO (2021) Global map of salt-affected soils Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils. https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/global-map-of-salt-affected-soils/en/. Accessed 23 December 2022
FAOSTAT (2015) FAO Statistical Database. FAO Rome. Italy. http://faostat3.fao.org. Accessed 3 July 2015
Fardus J, Hossain MS, Fujita M (2021) Modulation of the antioxidant defense system by exogenous L-glutamic acid application enhances salt tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Biomolecules 11:587. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040587
Farhangi-Abriz S, Torabian S (2018) Nano-silicon alters antioxidant activities of soybean seedlings under salt toxicity. Protoplasma 255(3):953–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1202-0
Flowers TJ, Gaur PM, Gowda CL, Krishnamurthy L, Samineni S, Siddique KH, Colmer TD (2010) Salt sensitivity in chickpea. Plant Cell Environ 33(4):490–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02051.x
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2009) High Level Expert Forum—How to feed the World in 2050. Economic Social Dev Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations(Rome):httpswwwfaoorg3a–ak542eak542e13pdf
Foreign Agriculture Services, US Department of Agriculture (2022) Foreign Agriculture Services; International Product Assessment Division (IPAD). https://ipad.fas.usda.gov. Assessed on 26 June 2022
Francois L, Yermanos D, Bernstein L (1964) Salt tolerance of safflower. Calif Agric 18(9):12–14 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1964.00021962005600010012x
Fricke W (2020) Energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants: night-time transpiration and growth. New Phytol 225(3):1152–1165. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15773
Gharaghanipor N, Arzani A, Rahimmalek M, Ravash R (2022) Physiological and transcriptome indicators of Salt Tolerance in Wild and Cultivated Barley. Front Plant Sci 13:819282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.819282
Ghazizade M, Golkar P, Salehinejad F (2012) Effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling characters in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Ann Biol Res 3:114–118
Ghorai S, Pal KK, Dey R (2015) Alleviation of salinity stress in groundnut by application of PGPR. Int Res J Eng Technol 2(3):742–750
Ghosh S, Bheri M, Bisht D, Pandey GK (2022) Calcium signaling and transport machinery: potential for development of stress tolerance in plants. Curr Plant Biol 29:100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2022.100235
Gogile A, Andargie M, Muthuswamy M (2013) The response of some cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Genotypes for salt stress during germination and seedling stage. J Stress Physiol Biochem 9(4):73–84
Golkar P, Taghizadeh M (2018) In vitro evaluation of phenolic and osmolite compounds, ionic content, and antioxidant activity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under salinity stress. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult (PCTOC) 134(3):357–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1427-4
Graham RD, Welch RM, Bouis HE (2001) Addressing micronutrient malnutrition through enhancing the nutritional quality of staple foods: principles, perspectives and knowledge gaps. Adv Agron 70:77–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(01)70004-1
Grieve CM, Grattan SR, Maas EV (2012) Plant salt tolerance. ASCE Man Rep Eng Pract 71:405–459
Guan R, Qu Y, Guo Y, Yu L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Qiu L (2014) Salinity tolerance in soybean is modulated by natural variation in G m SALT 3. Plant J 80(6):937–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12695
Gull A, Lone AA, Wani NUI (2019) Biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Abiotic and biotic stress in plants. IntechOpen, London, pp 1–6
Gurumurthy S, Sarkar B, Vanaja M et al (2019) Morpho-physiological and biochemical changes in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) genotypes under drought stress at flowering stage. Acta Physiol Plant 41:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2833-x
Hafize DT, Tulin A (2015) Protective effects of Ca2 + against NaCl induced salt stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars. Afr J Agric Res 10(23):2389–2398. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9479
Haileselasie TH, Teferii G (2012) The effect of salinity stress on germination of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) land race of Tigray. Curr Res J Biol Sci 4(5):578–583
Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu JK, Bohnert HJ (2000) Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 51(1):463–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.463
Haydon MJ, Cobbett CS (2007) Transporters of ligands for essential metal ions in plants. New Phytol 174(3):499–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02051.x
He Y, Dong Y, Yang X, Guo D, Qian X, Yan F, Wang Q (2020) Functional activation of a novel R2R3-MYB protein gene, GmMYB68, confers salt-alkali resistance in soybean (Glycine max L). Genome 63(1):13–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0132
Husaini AM (2022) High-value pleiotropic genes for develo** multiple stress-tolerant biofortified crops for 21st-century challenges. Heredity 128:460–472. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-022-00500-w
Hussain MI, Lyra DA, Farooq M, Nikoloudakis N, Khalid N (2016) Salt and drought stresses in safflower: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 36(1):1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0344-8
Ilangumaran G, Subramanian S, Smith DL (2022) Soybean Leaf Proteomic Profile Influenced by Rhizobacteria under Optimal and Salt stress conditions. Front. Plant Sci 13:809906. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.809906
IPCC: Climate Change (2014) In: Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds) Synthesis report. Contribution of Working groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core writing Team. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, p 151
Islam MM, Karim MA, Karim AJMS, Khan MSA, Haque MM, Mian MAK (2016a) Influence of salt and water stress on growth and yield of soybean genotypes. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci 39(2):167
Islam F, Yasmeen T, Arif MS, Ali S, Ali B, Hameed S, Zhou W (2016b) Plant growth promoting bacteria confer salt tolerance in Vigna radiata by up-regulating antioxidant defense and biological soil fertility. Plant Growth Regul 80(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0142-y
James RA, Blake C, Byr CS, Munns R (2011) Major genes for na + exclusion, Nax1 and Nax2 (wheat HKT1; 4 and HKT1; 5), decrease na + accumulation in bread wheat leaves under saline and waterlogged conditions. J Exp Bot 62(8):2939–2947. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err003
Janmohammadi M, Sabaghnia N, Ahadnezhad A (2015) Impact of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on seedling early growth of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Genotypes with various origins. Agric Forestry/Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo 61(3)
Jayawardhane J, Goyali JC, Zafari S, Igamberdiev AU (2022) The response of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plants to three Abiotic stresses Applied with increasing intensity: Hypoxia, Salinity, and Water Deficit. Metabolites 12(1):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010038
Jung E, Park N, Park J (2021) Composite modeling for evaluation of groundwater and soil salinization on the multiple reclaimed land due to sea-level rise. Transp Porous Media 136(1):271–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-020-01511-z
Kanwal S, Ashraf M, Shahbaz M, Iqbal MY (2013) Influence of saline stress on growth, gas exchange, mineral nutrients and non-enzymatic antioxidants in mungbean [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Pak J Bot 45(3):763–771
Karim MA, Raptan PK, Hamid A, Khaliq QA, Solaiman ARM, Ahmed JU (2001) Salinity tolerance of blackgram and mungbean: I. Dry matter accumulation in different plant parts. Korean J Crop Sci 46(5):380–386
Katerji N, Van Hoorn JW, Hamdy A, Mastrorilli M, Oweis T (2005) Salt tolerance analysis of chickpea, faba bean and durum wheat varieties: I. Chickpea and faba bean. Agric Water Manag 72(3):177–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.015
Khan MS, Hemalatha S (2016) Biochemical and molecular changes induced by salinity stress in Oryza sativa L. Acta Physiol Plant 38:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2185-8
Khan AL, Hamayun M, Kim YH, Kang SM, Lee JH, Lee IN (2011) Gibberellins producing endophytic aspergillus fumigatus sp. LH02 influenced endogenous phytohormonal levels, isoflavonoids production and plant growth in salinity stress. Process Biochem 46(2):440–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2010.09.013
Khan MA, Asaf S, Khan AL, Adhikari A, Jan R, Ali S, Lee IJ (2019) Halotolerant rhizobacterial strains mitigate the adverse effects of NaCl stress in soybean seedlings. Biomed Res Int 9530963. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9530963
Khatib F, Makris A, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Kumar S, Sarker A, Erskine W, Baum M (2011) Expression of the DREB1A gene in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris) transformed with the Agrobacterium system. Crop Pasture Sci 62(6):488–495. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP10351
Kökten K, Karaköy T, BakoğLu A (2010) Determination of salinity tolerance of some lentil (Lens culinaris M.) varieties. J Food Agric Environ 8:140–143
Kosová K, Prášil IT, Vítámvás P (2019) Role of dehydrins in plant stress response. Handbook of plant and crop stress (4thed). CRC, Florida, pp 175–196
Kumar P, Sharma PK (2020) Soil salinity and food security in India. Front Sustain Food Syst 4:533781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.533781
Kumar N, Bharadwaj C, Soni A et al (2020) Physio-morphological and molecular analysis for salt tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Indian J Agric Sci 90:132–136
Kumar N, Soren KR, Bharadwaj C et al (2021a) Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and physiological variation modulates gene regulatory networks acclimating salinity tolerance in chickpea. Environ Exp Bot 187:104478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104478
Kumar N, Anuragi H, Rana M, Priyadarshini P, Singhal R, Chand S, Ahmed S (2021b) Elucidating morpho-anatomical, physio‐biochemical and molecular mechanism imparting salinity tolerance in oats (Avena sativa). Plant Breed 140(5):835–850. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12937
Kumar N, Kaur G, Devi S et al (2023) Advancement of Omics approaches in understanding the mechanism of salinity tolerance in Legumes. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4669-3_14
Kumari J, Udawat P, Dubey AK et al (2017) Overexpression of SbSI-1, a nuclear protein from Salicornia brachiata confers drought and salt stress tolerance and maintains photosynthetic efficiency in transgenic tobacco. Front Plant Sci 8:1215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01215
Kume T, Umetsu C, Palanisami K (2009) Impact of the December 2004 tsunami on soil, groundwater and vegetation in the Nagapattinam district, India. J Environ Manage 90(10):3147–3154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.027
Li H, Zhao Q, Huang H (2019) Current states and challenges of salt-affected soil remediation by cyanobacteria. Sci Total Environ 669:258–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.104
Liu Y, Yu L, Qu Y, Chen J, Liu X, Hong H, Guan R (2016) GmSALT3, which confers improved soybean salt tolerance in the field, increases leaf Cl-exclusion prior to na + exclusion but does not improve early vigor under salinity. Front Plant Sci 7:1485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01485
Liu H, Song J, Dong L et al (2017) Physiological responses of three soybean species (Glycine soja, G. Gracilis, and G. max cv. Melrose) to salinity stress. J Plant Res 130:723–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-017-0929-1
Liu J, Xue C, Lin Y, Yan Q, Chen J, Wu R, Yuan X (2022) Genetic analysis and identification of VrFRO8, a salt tolerance-related gene in mungbean. Gene 836:146658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2022.146658
Maheshwari P, Kovalchuk I (2014) Genetic engineering of oilseed crops. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 3:31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2013.11.001
Mann A, Kaur G, Kumar A, Sanwal SK, Singh J, Sharma PC (2019) Physiological response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at early seedling stage under salt stress conditions. Legum Res 42(5):625–632. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4059
Mansour MMF (2023) Role of vacuolar membrane transport systems in plant salinity tolerance. J Plant Growth Regul 42:1364–1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10655-9
Mariey SA, Farid MA, Khatab IA (2016) Physiological and molecular characterization of some Egyptian barley (Hordeum vulgare Ll.) Cultivars for salt tolerance. Egypt J Genet Cytol 45:367–382
McClatchie M (2018) Barley, Rye and Oats. Encyclopedia Archaeol Sci 9780470674611:1–4
Meena HN, Yadav RS, Jain NK, Meena MS (2022) Sodium accumulation trend in the different quality seed, cultivars, and yield potential of peanut under salinity stress. J Plant Nutr 45(20):3129–3144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2022.2046068
Mian A, Oomen RJ, Isayenkov S, Sentenac H, Maathuis FJ, Véry AA (2011) Over-expression of an Na+‐and K+‐permeable HKT transporter in barley improves salt tolerance. Plant J 68(3):468–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04701.x
Morozova O, Marra MA (2008) Applications of next-generation sequencing technologies in functional genomics. Genomics 92(5):255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.07.001
Munns R (2005) Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytol 167(3):645–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01487.x
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Mushtaq NU, Saleem S, Rasool A et al (2021) Salt stress threshold in millets: perspective on cultivation on marginal lands for biomass. Phyton 90:51. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2020.012163
Mwando E, Angessa TT, Han Y, Li C (2020) Salinity tolerance in barley during germination—homologs and potential genes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 21(2):93–121. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1900400
Mwando E, Angessa TT, Han Y, Zhou G, Li C (2021) Quantitative trait loci map** for vigour and survival traits of barley seedlings after germinating under salinity stress. Agronomy 11(1):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010103
Nawaz M, Khan A, Ashraf MY (2019) Screening mungbean germplasm for salt tolerance using growth indices and physiological parameters. Int J Agri Biol 22:401–406. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1078
Nevo E, Chen GX (2010) Drought and salt tolerances in wild relatives for wheat and barley improvement. Plant Cell Environ 33:670–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02107.x
Ning L, Kan G, Shao H, Yu D (2018) Physiological and transcriptional responses to salt stress in salt-tolerant and salt‐sensitive soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Seedlings. Land Degrad Dev 29(8):2707–2719. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3005
Nithila S, Durga Devi D, Velu G et al (2013) Physiological evaluation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties for salt tolerance and amelioration for salt stress. Res J Agric Sci ISSN 2320:6063
Online Etymology Dictionary (2015) Pulse, Douglas Harp-er, Historian. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pulse. Accessed 28 July 2015
Oraby HF, Ransom CB, Kravchenko AN, Sticklen MB (2005) Barley HVA1 gene confers salt tolerance in R3 transgenic oat. Crop Sci 45(6):2218–2227. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004-0605
Osman MS, Badawy AA, Osman AI, Abdel Latef AAHA (2021) Ameliorative impact of an extract of the halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum on growth and biochemical parameters of soybean under salinity stress. J Plant Growth Regul 40(3):1245–1256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10185-2
Ouji A, El-Bok S, Mouelhi M, Younes MB, Kharrat M (2015) Effect of salinity stress on germination of five Tunisian lentil (Lens culinaris L.) genotypes. Eur Sci J 11(21)
Parida AK, Veerabathini SK, Kumari A, Agarwal PK (2016) Physiological, anatomical and metabolic implications of salt tolerance in the halophyte Salvadora persica under hydroponic culture condition. Front Plant Sci 7:184129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00351
Pujiwati H, Suharjo UKJ, Prameswari W, Husna M, Gonggo B, Ginting S, Susilo E (2021) Morphological and physiological performances of 18 soybean varieties exposed to salinity stress. J Agron Indones 49(3):251–258. https://doi.org/10.24831/jai.v49i3.37819
Qiu QS, Guo Y, Quintero FJ et al (2004) Regulation of vacuolar Na+/H + exchange in Arabidopsis thaliana by the salt-overly-sensitive (SOS) pathway. J Biol Chem 279:207–215. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M307982200
Rasool S, Ahmad A, Siddiqi TO (2012) Differential response of chickpea genotypes under salt stress. J Funct Environ Bot 2:59–64. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.2231-1742.2.1.006
Razzaq A, Farooq S, Shahzadi A et al (2023) Prime-omics approaches to mitigate stress response in plants. Plant stress mitigators, types, techniques and functions. Academic, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-89871-3.00016-1
Romero-Aranda R, Soria T, Cuartero J (2001) Tomato plant-water uptake and plant-water relationships under saline growth conditions. Plant Sci 160:265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00388-5
Sarkar RD, Kalita MC (2023) Alleviation of salt stress complications in plants by nanoparticles and the associated mechanisms: an overview. Plant Stress 100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2023.100134
Scanlon BR, Reedy RC, Xu P, Engle M, Nicot JP, Yoxtheimer D, Yang Q, Ikonnikova S (2020) Can we beneficially reuse produced water from oil and gas extraction in the US? Sci. Total Environ 717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137085, PubMed: 137085
Sehrawat N, Bhat KV, Kaga A et al (2014) Development of new gene-specific markers associated with salt tolerance for mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek. Span J Agric Res 12:732–741. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014123-4843
Sehrawat N, Yadav M, Bhat KV, Sairam RK, Jaiwal PK (2015) Effect of salinity stress on mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] during consecutive summer and spring seasons. J Agric Sci (Belgr) 60(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS1501023S
Sehrawat N, Yadav M, Sharma AK et al (2019) Salt stress and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]: effects, physiological perspective and management practices for alleviating salinity. Arch Agron Soil Sci 65:1287–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1562548
Shafique M, Elahi NN, Rashid M, Farooq A, Shah KH (2019) Application of PGPR enhances development and nodulation of Vigna Radiata L. grown under salt stress. Sarhad J Agric 35(3):763–769
Shahbandeh M (2022) Production of major vegetable oils worldwide from 2012/13 to 2021/2022, by type. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263933/production-of-vegetable-oils-worldwide-since-2000. Accessed 28 December 2022
Sharma DK, Chaudhari SK (2012) Agronomic research in salt affected soils of India: an overview. Indian J Agron 57(3s):175–185
Sharma S, Kulkarni J, Jha B (2016) Halotolerant Rhizobacteria promote growth and enhance salinity tolerance in peanut. Front Microbiol 7:1600. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01600
Shelake RM, Kadam US, Kumar R et al (2022) Engineering drought and salinity tolerance traits in crops through CRISPR-mediated genome editing: targets, tools, challenges, and perspectives. Plant Commun 3:100417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100417
Singh A, Roychoudhury A (2022) Omics Tools to understand abiotic stress response and adaptation in Rye, Oat and Barley. Omics Approach to manage abiotic stress in Cereals. Springer, Singapore, pp 513–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0140-9
Singh BB, Tewari TN, Singh AK (1993) Stress studies in lentil (Lens esculenta Moench). J Agron Crop Sci 171:196–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1993.tb00131.x
Singh N, Mishra A, Jha B (2014) Ectopic over-expression of peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase (SbpAPX) gene confers salt stress tolerance in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Gene 547(1):119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.037
Singh J, Singh V, Sharma PC (2018) Elucidating the role of osmotic, ionic and major salt responsive transcript components towards salinity tolerance in contrasting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 24:441–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0517-4
Singh D, Singh CK, Tomar RSS et al (2020) Genetics and molecular map** for salinity stress tolerance at seedling stage in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Crop Sci 60:1254–1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20030
Singh D, Singh CK, Taunk J, Sharma S, Gaikwad K, Singh V, Pal M (2021) Transcriptome skimming of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) cultivars with contrast reaction to salt stress. Funct Integr Genomics 21(1):139–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-020-00766-5
Singh A, Sengar RS, Rajput VD et al (2022) Zinc oxide nanoparticles improve salt tolerance in rice seedlings by improving physiological and biochemical indices. Agriculture 12:1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12071014
Sofy MR, Elhindi KM, Farouk S, Alotaibi MA (2020) Zinc and paclobutrazol mediated regulation of growth, upregulating antioxidant aptitude and plant productivity of pea plants under salinity. Plants 9(9):1197. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091197
Sun L, Hu R, Shen G, Zhang H (2013) Genetic engineering peanut for higher drought-and salt-tolerance. Food Nutr Sci 4:1–7. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2013.46A001
Sweetman C, Khassanova G, Miller TK, Booth NJ, Kurishbayev A, Jatayev S, Shavrukov Y (2020) Salt-induced expression of intracellular vesicle trafficking genes, CaRab-GTP, and their association with na + accumulation in leaves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). BMC Plant Biol 20(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02331-5
Szerement J, Szatanik-Kloc A, Mokrzycki J, Mierzwa-Hersztek M (2021) Agronomic biofortification with Se, Zn, and Fe: an effective strategy to enhance crop nutritional quality and stress defense—a review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00719-2
Tang X, Zhang H, Shabala S, Li H, Yang X, Zhang H (2021) Tissue tolerance mechanisms conferring salinity tolerance in a halophytic perennial species Nitraria Sibirica Pall. Tree Physiol 41(7):1264–1277. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa174
Thabet SG, Alomari DZ, Alqudah AM (2021) Exploring natural diversity reveals alleles to enhance antioxidant system in barley under salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 166:789–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.030
Tiwari V, Chaturvedi AK, Mishra A, Jha B (2015) Introgression of the SbASR-1 gene cloned from a halophyte Salicornia brachiata enhances salinity and drought endurance in transgenic groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and acts as a transcription factor. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0131567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131567
Tiwari M, Singh B, Min D, Jagadish SK (2022) Omics path to increasing Productivity in Less-studied crops under changing Climate—Lentil a Case Study. Front Plant Sci 1239. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.813985
Toscano S, Romano D, Ferrante A (2023) Molecular responses of vegetable, ornamental crops, and model plants to salinity stress. Int J Mol Sci 24:3190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043190
Trimble S (2022) Detecting Salinity Stress in Crops. CID-Bioscience Inc. https://cid-inc.com/blog/detecting-salinity-stress-in-crops. Accessed 28 December 2022
United Nations (2014) International Year of Pulses 2016: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2013. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/765785?ln=en. Accessed 28 December 2022, 68/231. International Year of Pulses 2016. A/RES/68/231
Villanueva-Mejia D, Alvarez JC (2017) Genetic improvement of oilseed crops using modern biotechnology. Adv Seed Biol 295–317. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70743
Vollmann J (2016) Soybean versus other food grain legumes: a critical appraisal of the United Nations International Year of pulses. Die Bodenkultur: J Land Manag Food Environ 67(1):17–24. https://doi.org/10.1515/boku-2016-0002
Vurukonda SSKP, Vardharajula S, Shrivastava M, SkZ A (2016) Enhancement of drought stress tolerance in crops by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Microbiol Res 184:13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.12.003
Wang Z, Wang S, Ma T et al (2023) Synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles and their applications in enhancing plant stress resistance: a review. Agronomy 13:3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123060
Waters BM, Grusak MA (2008) Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol 177(2):389–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02288.x
Wu D, Qiu L, Xu L, Ye L, Chen M, Sun D, Zhang G (2011) Genetic variation of HvCBF genes and their association with salinity tolerance in tibetan annual wild barley. PLoS ONE 6(7):e22938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022938
Yao Y, Zhang X, Wang N, Cui Y, Zhang L, Fan S (2020) Transcriptome analysis of salt stress response in halophyte Atriplex centralasiatica leaves. Acta Physiol Plan 42(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2989-4
Yasir TA, Khan A, Skalicky M et al (2021) Exogenous sodium nitroprusside mitigates salt stress in lentil (Lens culinaris medik.) By affecting the growth, yield, and biochemical properties. Molecules 26:2576. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092576
Yasmin H, Mazher J, Azmat A et al (2021) Combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizer to induce salt resistance in safflower by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 218:112262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112262
Zhang ZW, Feng LY, Cheng J, Tang H, Xu F, Zhu F, Zhao ZY, Yuan M, Chen YE, Wang JH, Yuan S, Lin HH (2013) The roles of two transcription factors ABI4 and CBFA, in ABA and plastid signalling and stress responses. Plant Mol Biol 83:445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-013-0102-8
Zhang H, Zhao X, Sun Q, Yan C, Wang J, Yuan C, Li C, Shan S, Liu F (2020) Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals molecular defensive mechanism of Arachis hypogaea in response to salt stress. Int J Genomics 6524093. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6524093
Zhao GQ, Ma BL, Ren CZ (2007) Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Sci 47(1):123–131. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.06.0371
Zheng Y, Huang Y, **an W, Wang J, Liao H (2012) Identification and expression analysis of the Glycine max CYP707A gene family in response to drought and salt stresses. Ann Bot 110:743–756. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs133
Zhou G, Johnson P, Ryan PR et al (2012) Quantitative trait loci for salinity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Mol Breed 29:427–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9559-9
Zhou S, Mou H, Zhou J, Zhou J, Ye H, Nguyen HT (2021) Development of an automated plant phenoty** system for evaluation of salt tolerance in soybean. Comput Electron Agric 182:106001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106001
Zhu J, Fan Y, Shabala S, Li C, Lv C, Guo B, Zhou M (2020) Understanding mechanisms of salinity tolerance in barley by proteomic and biochemical analysis of near-isogenic lines. Int J Mol Sci 21(4):1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041516
Zorb C, Geilfus CM, Dietz KJ (2019) Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biol 21(1):31–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12884
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
OV: wrote the manuscript and prepared the diagrams. SS and VK: contributed equally with references. TS: designed the manuscript and reviewed. RK: supervised, designed the diagrams, and edited the manuscript. AR: designed, supervised and edited the writing. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Declaration of competing interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Verma, O., Sharma, S., Kumar, V. et al. Salinity stress effect on staple food crops and novel mitigation strategies. Biologia (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01689-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01689-3