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Five years after the collapse of the Fundão Dam: lessons from temporal monitoring of chemistry and acute toxicity

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Abstract

In November 2015, the Fundão Dam break released millions of tons of metal-rich tailings into the Doce River Basin (DRB), causing catastrophic damage and potential ecological effects that reached the Atlantic Ocean. This study aimed to evaluate the geochemistry and toxicity of water and sediments collected in the DRB from 2015 to 2019 and to determine the spatial and temporal trends. Water and sediment samples were analyzed for metals and As by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and acute toxicity for Daphnia similis or D. magna. Results were explored using geochemical indices and correlation analyzes. Overall, higher concentrations of metals and As in water and sediments were observed immediately after dam breakage, but the levels exhibited a decreasing trend over time, although the levels of some elements such as As and Mn remained high in the upper DRB. The geochemical indices indicated mostly low to moderate contamination, and the enrichment factor (EF) demonstrated a higher enrichment of Mn in the upper DRB. Acute toxicity to water fleas (D. similis and D. magna) was occasionally observed in waters and sediments, but the reference samples were toxic, and the short-term effects were not correlated with metals and As. Overall, the results showed limited bioavailability of metals and As and a decreasing trend in their concentrations, indicating an ongoing recovery process in DRB. These results are important to decision-making regarding the disaster and actions for environmental restoration.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Part of raw results is available as SM in https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4773, as mentioned.

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Dual publication

Parts of the data used in this manuscript were already published elsewhere, as follows: The raw chemical data of sediments (Tables S12-S15 and S16-S19) were made available as Supplementary Material in the paper “Spatial–temporal variations of metals and arsenic in sediments from the Doce River after the Fundão Dam rupture and their bioaccumulation in Corbicula fluminea” (https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4773), which scope was focused on assessing metals bioaccumulation in bivalves. In that manuscript, the data were not explored or discussed for the same purpose as this article, as those results only aimed to support the interpretation of bioaccumulation data and the calculation of the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs). In the present article, these data are deeply explored in different forms, such as to assess the spatiotemporal variation of metal concentrations, to calculate the geochemical indices (Igeo and EF), and in to explain the acute toxicity, with no overlap in the scope of the articles considered here.

Funding

São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) financial support (Research grants #2018/23279-4 and #2016/15229-1). CAPES-FAPEMIG-FAPES-CNPq-ANA (Process #88887.124100/2016-00; grant CAPES #88887.144657/2017-00) and the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020+LA/P/0094/2020). CNPq for the PQ fellowship. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, SP, Brasil

    Guacira de Figueiredo Eufrasio Pauly, Flávia Yoshie Yamamoto, Ana Carolina Feitosa Cruz, Caio Cesar Ribeiro & Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa

  2. CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Fernando Cesar Perina

  3. Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil

    Bianca Sung Mi Kim

  4. Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

    Tailisi Hoppe Trevizani & Rubens Cesar Lopes Figueira

  5. Instituto de Pesca de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

    Luciana Menezes

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  1. Guacira de Figueiredo Eufrasio Pauly
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Contributions

GFEP led the study and contributed to the study design and conceptualization, data acquisition and analysis, manuscript writing and editing. FCP contributed to the conceptualization, data acquisition and analysis, and manuscript editing. FYY contributed to field sampling, laboratorial testing, data acquisition and interpretation, and manuscript revisions. THT and BSMK contributed to the data acquisition and analysis, and manuscript editing. ACFC contributed to the methodology and analysis, and laboratorial testing. CCR contributed to the methodology and laboratorial testing. LM contributed to field sampling assisted in the study design. RCLF contributed to study conceptualization, data acquisition and analysis, and manuscript editing. DA contributed to the concept design, laboratorial experiments, data analysis and interpretation, supervision, resources, and manuscript writing.

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Correspondence to Guacira de Figueiredo Eufrasio Pauly.

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de Figueiredo Eufrasio Pauly, G., Perina, F.C., Yamamoto, F.Y. et al. Five years after the collapse of the Fundão Dam: lessons from temporal monitoring of chemistry and acute toxicity. Environ Monit Assess 196, 247 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12405-8

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