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Multivalvulidan myxosporeans from marine fishes in Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, with descriptions of Kudoa igori n. sp. and Kudoa borimiri n. sp. from mullets

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Abstract

In March and April 2018, we carried out a survey of myxosporean parasites in coastal fishes collected from Nha Trang Bay in Vietnam’s East Sea. Of the 159 fish specimens, 18 fish species were represented, belonging to 10 families. In 8 host species, 7 myxosporean species were found, representing the genera Kudoa and Unicapsula. Two of these species were new to science: Kudoa igori n. sp. from the gallbladder of Longarm mullet Osteomugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836) (prevalence 10%) and Kudoa borimiri n. sp. from skeletal muscles of Longarm mullet and Longfinned mullet Osteomugil perusii (Valenciennes, 1836) (prevalence 30% and 60%, respectively). Vegetative stages were not found. Spores of K. igori n. sp. were small, orbicular to quadrate in apical view, and with four equal valves. In lateral view, spores were shallowly ovoid with a slightly protruding anterior pole. The 4 polar capsules were slightly unequal sizes and were oriented toward the apex of the spore. Dimensions were as follows: spore length 4.56 ± 0.22 (4.18–4.56), thickness 4.42 ± 0.39 (3.55–5.13), width 5.74 ± 0.46 (4.66–6.50), length of biggest polar capsule 1.38 ± 0.14 (1.1–1.65), middle 1.28 ± 0.12 (1.03–1.53), smallest 1.13 ± 0.11 (0.94–1.30), width of biggest polar capsule 1.03 ± 0.14 (0.83–1.4), middle 0.92 ± 0.12 (0.76–1.08), smallest 0.74 ± 0.12 (0.55–0.94). Spores of K. borimiri n. sp. had four equal valves with slightly rounded ends and were quadrate in apical view. In lateral view, spores were broadly deltoid. Four equal-sized polar capsules opened at the apex of the spore. In O. cunnesius, spore dimensions were as follows: length 3.51 ± 0.15 (3.34–3.92), thickness 3.65 ± 0.38 (2.79–4.21), width 4.97 ± 0.37 (4.13–5.97), length of the polar capsules 1.23 ± 0.18 (0.99–1.57), width 0.88 ± 0.07 (0.70–1.00). Overlap** dimensions for K. borimiri n. sp. spores were also found in O. perusii. Other known myxozoan species we encountered were Kudoa thyrsites and Kudoa whippsi, which had not previously been reported from the East Sea and Vietnam. We also encountered Kudoa monodactyli, which had not previously been reported from Nha Trang Bay. In addition, we report 2 additional species, a Kudoa sp. and a Unicapsula sp., that were not attributable to previously described myxozoans and need further investigation to completely characterize.

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Data availability

DNA sequence data was deposited in GenBank, and archival tissue as gelatin-glycerine slides submitted to collective use center Collection of Hydrobionts of the World Ocean of A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS (Sevastopol, Russia), alcohol samples of fish organs and tissues with myxosporeans are preserved in the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (Ha Noi, Vietnam) and at SUNY-ESF, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Environmental Biology, (Syracuse, USA).

Code availability

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Acknowledgements

Part of this work was supported by budget funding of RAS (project 121030100028-0 “Regularities of formation and anthropogenic transformation of biodiversity and biological resources of the Azov-Black Sea basin and other areas of the World Ocean,” No. 121051100109-1 (Systematics, diversity, biology and ecology of aquatic and near-water invertebrates, structure of populations and communities in continental waters), the Vietnam-Russia Joint Tropical Science and Technology Research Center (ECOLAN E-3.1) “Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of marine coastal ecosystems based on the study of their structural and functional organization” (subsection 8 “Composition of species and community structure of parasites of mullet fish of Nha Trang Bay”) (Russia, Vietnam). The study was also partly funded by the JSPS RONPAKU program (R12206) (Japan). We are grateful to Dr. Jean-Dominique Durand, Université de Montpellier, for checking the correctness of the mullet species identification.

Funding

The main part of V. M. Yurakhno (Russia) and Ha Vo (Vietnam) was carried out at the expense of funding the Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center. One of the Vietnamese authors, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, received financial support from the JSPS RONPAKU program (R12206) (Japan). Work carried out by CMW at ESF was supported in part by the SUNY Center for Applied Microbiology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov Av., 299011, Sevastopol, Russian Federation

    Violetta Mikhailovna Yurakhno

  2. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl region, Borok, 152742, Nekouz District, Russian Federation

    Elena Evgenievna Slynko

  3. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources of Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 - Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam

    Nguyen Ngoc Chinh

  4. Vietnam-Russia Joint Tropical Science and Technology Research Centre, 30 Nguyen Thien Thuat, Khanh Hoa, Nha Trang, Vietnam

    Vo Thi Ha

  5. Environmental Biology, SUNY-ESF, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Christopher Michael Whipps

Authors
  1. Violetta Mikhailovna Yurakhno
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  2. Elena Evgenievna Slynko
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  3. Nguyen Ngoc Chinh
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  4. Vo Thi Ha
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  5. Christopher Michael Whipps
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Contributions

V.T.H. provided support for the fieldwork portion of the study, including transport, supplies, and purchase of fish. V.M.Y., N.N.C. carried out dissections and parasitological examinations with some assistance from V.T.H. When parasites were encountered, they were photographed by V.M.Y. and N.N.C. Figure 1 was created by V.M.Y. Line drawings in Fig. 2 were drawn by N.N.C. For molecular work, E.E.S. and C.M.W. generated DNA sequence data from infected tissues. C.M.W conducted all the phylogenetic analyses and prepared Figs. 3 and 4. V.M.Y. and C.M.W. created and revised all the manuscript tables. V.M.Y. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. C.M.W. wrote and oversaw all subsequent revisions of the manuscript and wrote the final version for journal review. All authors reviewed the manuscript and provided edits on the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher Michael Whipps.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

Animal handling and use

All fish used in this study were purchased from fish markets. No live animals were used.

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Yurakhno, V.M., Slynko, E.E., Chinh, N.N. et al. Multivalvulidan myxosporeans from marine fishes in Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, with descriptions of Kudoa igori n. sp. and Kudoa borimiri n. sp. from mullets. Parasitol Res 121, 2927–2943 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-022-07620-6

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