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Article
Open AccessmiR-9 and miR-124 synergistically affect regulation of dendritic branching via the AKT/GSK3β pathway by targeting Rap2a
A single microRNA (miRNA) can regulate expression of multiple proteins and expression of an individual protein may be controlled by numerous miRNAs. This regulatory pattern strongly suggests that synergistic e...
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Article
Open AccessReactive astrocytes undergo M1 microglia/macrohpages-induced necroptosis in spinal cord injury
A unique feature of the pathological change after spinal cord injury (SCI) is the progressive enlargement of lesion area, which usually results in cavity formation and is accompanied by reactive astrogliosis a...
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Article
Aldose Reductase Regulates Microglia/Macrophages Polarization Through the cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice
Inflammatory reactions are the most critical pathological processes occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Activated microglia/macrophages have either detrimental or beneficial effects on neural regeneratio...
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Article
Open AccessProgrammed Death 1 Deficiency Induces the Polarization of Macrophages/Microglia to the M1 Phenotype After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice
The inflammatory response following spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the activation of resident microglia and the infiltration of macrophages. Macrophages and microglia can be polarized into the classically a...
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Article
Open AccessDifferent TLR4 expression and microglia/macrophage activation induced by hemorrhage in the rat spinal cord after compressive injury
Hemorrhage is a direct consequence of traumatic injury to the central nervous system and may cause innate immune reactions including cerebral Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 upregulation which usually leads to poor...
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Article
Protective effects of Batroxobin on spinal cord injury in rats
Expansion of the secondary injury following primary spinal cord injury is a major pathological event that increases destruction in the spinal cord, so measures to reduce secondary injury are needed. Our previo...
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Article
Open AccessThe effect of Lycium barbarum on spinal cord injury, particularly its relationship with M1 and M2 macrophage in rats
Our past researches suggested that L. barbarum exhibits direct neuroprotective and immune regulatory effects on the central nervous system, which are highly related to the events involved in the spinal cord injur...
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Article
Open AccessCross-reactivity of anti-programmed death ligand 2 polyclonal antibody in mouse tissues
The inhibitory co-receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1, encoded by pdcd1) and its two ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 comprise an important immune inhibitory signaling pathway for defense against microbes and for self-toler...
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Article
The Protective Effects of Inosine Against Chemical Hypoxia on Cultured Rat Oligodendrocytes
Inosine is a purine nucleoside and is considered protective to neural cells including neurons and astrocytes against hypoxic injury. However, whether oligodendrocytes (OLs) could also be protected from hypoxia...
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Article
Nogo-66 Inhibits the Dye-coupling of Astrocytic Gap Junctions In Vitro
Communication between astrocytes via the gap junction is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of the extra-neuronal microenvironment of the central nervous system. Dysfunction of astrocytic gap junctions is inv...
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Article
Long-Term Primary Culture of Highly-Pure Rat Embryonic Hippocampal Neurons of Low-Density
In order to develop a simplified method for long-term primary culture of highly-pure rat embryonic hippocampal neurons of low-density (103 cells/cm2), we optimized and modified conventional culturing methods. The...
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Article
Evidence for Heterogeneity of Astrocyte De-Differentiation in vitro: Astrocytes Transform into Intermediate Precursor Cells Following Induction of ACM from Scratch-Insulted Astrocytes
Our previous study definitely demonstrated that the mature astrocytes could undergo a de-differentiation process and further transform into pluripotential neural stem cells (NSCs), which might well arise from ...
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Article
Thymosin-β4 Attenuates Ethanol-induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Cerebral Cortical Astrocytes by Inhibiting Apoptosis
Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) is a major actin monomer-binding peptide in mammalian tissues and plays a crucial role in the nervous system in synaptogenesis, neuronal survival and migration, axonal growth, and plastic cha...
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Article
Open AccessExcitatory and inhibitory effects of prolactin release activated by nerve stimulation in rat anterior pituitary
A series of studies showed the presence of substantial amount of nerve fibers and their close relationship with the anterior pituitary gland cells. Our previous studies have suggested that aside from the class...
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Article
De-differentiation Response of Cultured Astrocytes to Injury Induced by Scratch or Conditioned Culture Medium of Scratch-Insulted Astrocytes
Our previous reports indicated that astrocytes (ASTs) in injured adult rat spinal cord underwent a process of de-differentiation, and may acquire the potential of neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the AST de-...
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Article
The Promotive Effects of Thymosin β4 on Neuronal Survival and Neurite Outgrowth by Upregulating L1 Expression
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a major actin-sequestering peptide widely distributed in mammalian tissues including the nervous system. The presence of this peptide in the nervous system likely plays a role in synaptogensi...
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Article
Lipopolysaccharide Up-regulates IL-6Rα Expression in Cultured Leptomeningeal Cells via Activation of ERK1/2 Pathway
To clarify the response of leptomeningeal cells to immune stimulation, the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on expression of IL-6 receptors in the cultured leptomeningeal cells was investigated. The results ...
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Article
Inactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β and Up-regulation of LINGO-1 are Involved in LINGO-1 Antagonist Regulated Survival of Cerebellar Granular Neurons
LINGO-1 has been critically implicated in the central regulation of CNS axon regeneration and oligodendrocyte maturation. We have recently demonstrated that pretreatment with LINGO-1 antagonist (LINGO-1-Fc) in...
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Article
Regulated Shuttling of Slit-Robo-GTPase Activating Proteins Between Nucleus and Cytoplasm During Brain Development
(1) A Little information exists on the distribution of Slit-Robo-GTPase activating proteins (srGAPs), particularly about their intracellular locations, which may provide further clues to their functions. The p...
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Article
Optimized and efficient preparation of astrocyte cultures from rat spinal cord
Astrocytes constitute a major class of glial cells in the CNS, and play crucial roles in physiological functioning, performance and maintenance of the CNS, as well as promotion of neuronal migration and matura...
