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The reticular activating system: a narrative review of discovery, evolving understanding, and relevance to current formulations of brain death
A series of landmark experiments conducted throughout the 20 th century progressively localized the regions involved in consciousness to the reticular...
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The relationship between consciousness and the ascending reticular activating system in patients with traumatic brain injury
BackgroundWe investigated the relationship between consciousness and the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) by using diffusion tensor...
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Homologies of spinal ascending nociceptive pathways between rats and macaques: can we transpose to human? A review and analysis of the literature
PurposeDue to the difficulty of using neural tracers in humans, knowledge of the nociceptive system’s anatomy is mainly derived from studies in...
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Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the ascending reticular activating system in a patient with disorder of consciousness: a case report
BackgroundWe report on a stroke patient with disorder of consciousness (DOC) who underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and...
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The Ascending Reticular Activating System
Discovery of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) can be attributed to work done in research neuroscientist Horace Magoun’s laboratory....
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Sleep apnea pathophysiology
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the pathophysiology underlying sleep apnea (SA).
BackgroundWe consider several critical features of...
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Neurostimulation and sleep in patients with epilepsy—English version
BackgroundChronic sleep disturbance may affect seizure frequency and efficacy of treatment in epilepsy patients. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and...
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tDCS peripheral nerve stimulation: a neglected mode of action?
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation method widely used by neuroscientists and clinicians for research and...
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Top-down and bottom-up alterations of connectivity patterns of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in chronic insomnia disorder
The importance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN, also called the master circadian clock) in regulating sleep and wakefulness has been confirmed...
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Resistance exercising on unstable surface leads to Pupil Dilation
BackgroundChronic resistance training and acute resistance exercises improve physical performance and can enhance cognitive performance. However,...
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Neural Control of REM Sleep and Motor Atonia: Current Perspectives
Purpose of ReviewSince the formal discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 1953, we have gained a vast amount of knowledge regarding the...
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Anatomo-physiological basis and applied techniques of electrical neuromodulation in chronic pain
Chronic pain, a complex and debilitating condition, poses a significant challenge to both patients and healthcare providers worldwide. Conventional...
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Nervous system modulation through electrical stimulation in companion animals
Domestic animals with severe spontaneous spinal cord injury (SCI), including dogs and cats that are deep pain perception negative (DPP−), can benefit...
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The lymphatics in kidney health and disease
The mammalian vascular system consists of two networks: the blood vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system. Throughout the body, the...
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Concussion and the Slee** Brain
BackgroundEmerging research has suggested sleep to be a modifier of the trajectory of concussion recovery in adolescent and adult populations....
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Brainstem dysfunction in critically ill patients
The brainstem conveys sensory and motor inputs between the spinal cord and the brain, and contains nuclei of the cranial nerves. It controls the...
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Pharmacological Treatments for Insomnia
Purpose of ReviewWe reviewed existing guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and recent literature from PubMed to detail the...
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Neonatal spectral EEG is prognostic of cognitive abilities at school age in premature infants without overt brain damage
Prematurity is a prototype of biological risk that could affect the late neurocognitive outcome; however, the condition itself remains a non-specific...
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Clonazepam for the management of sleep disorders
BackgroundThe objectives of this review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic data are those to focus on the clinical use of clonazepam for the...
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Biomolecular mechanisms of epileptic seizures and epilepsy: a review
Epilepsy is a recurring neurological disease caused by the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This disease has caused about 50 new cases in...
