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Site-directed mutagenesis at the Glu78 in Ec-NhaA transporter impacting ion exchange: a biophysical study
Na + /H + antiporters facilitate the exchange of Na + for H + across the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These transporters are...
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Mechanisms of Microbial Energy Conservation
The primary “purpose” of microbial catabolism is to recover from the environment usable energy and to convert this energy into ATP. This chapter...
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Electroactive Microorganisms Involved in Power Generation in a Microbial Fuel Cell
Bio-electrocatalysts (microbes) are the most important components of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Microbes act as a biocatalyst to generate...
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Mechanisms of Water and Solute Transport
Movement of water and solutes from soil up to the seed tissue is one of the first processes occurring during seed germination. Mature seeds contain...
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Prototypic Reactions, Modules, and Pathways of C1 catabolism
Anaerobic microbes catabolizing CO2 and C1 compounds represent the earliest forms of (microbial) Life on Earth. Microbial catabolism of C1 compounds...
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Structure, mechanism and lipid-mediated remodeling of the mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger NHA2
The Na + /H + exchanger SLC9B2, also known as NHA2, correlates with the long-sought-after Na + /Li + exchanger linked to the pathogenesis of diabetes...
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Function and Regulation of Acid Resistance Antiporters
Bacterial pathogens are a major cause of foodborne diseases and food poisoning. To cope with the acid conditions encountered in different...
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Reduction of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds
This chapter reviews the enzymes associated with the reduction of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that support the growth of dissimilatory...
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Respiration
Energy required for growth as well as for functions in all living beings is met through ATP generated during respiration. Additionally, in green...
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Gibberellin and abscisic acid transporters facilitate endodermal suberin formation in Arabidopsis
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates multiple developmental processes. It accumulates in the root elongating endodermis, but how it moves...
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Essential and Functional Mineral Elements
There are 118 confirmed elements in the Periodic Table so far. Although human body contains around 60 elements, only 28 of them are essential for the...
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Expansion of the “Sodium World” through Evolutionary Time and Taxonomic Space
AbstractIn 1986, Vladimir Skulachev and his colleagues coined the term “Sodium World” for the group of diverse organisms with sodium (Na)-based...
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Respiratory Membrane Protein Complexes Convert Chemical Energy
The invention of a biological membrane which is used as energy storage system to drive the metabolism of a primordial, unicellular organism...
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Sulfate differentially stimulates but is not respired by diverse anaerobic methanotrophic archaea
Sulfate-coupled anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a major methane sink in marine sediments. Multiple lineages of anaerobic methanotrophic...
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Energy-converting hydrogenases: the link between H2 metabolism and energy conservation
The reversible interconversion of molecular hydrogen and protons is one of the most ancient microbial metabolic reactions and catalyzed by...
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Calcium and Phosphate Ion Efflux from Cells: The Roles of Matrix Vesicles, Extracellular Vesicles, and Other Membrane-invested Transporters in Vertebrate Hard Tissue Mineralization
Based on studies of ion transport in a range of mineralizing vertebrate as well as invertebrate tissues, the chapter addresses the trafficking of...
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SK channel-mediated metabolic escape to glycolysis inhibits ferroptosis and supports stress resistance in C. elegans
Metabolic flexibility is an essential characteristic of eukaryotic cells in order to adapt to physiological and environmental changes. Especially in...
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The Role of Microorganisms in Removal of Sulfates from Artistic Stonework
The presence of organic matter on artistic stonework can be credited to inadequate historical renovations, lysis of microbial cells, primary surface...
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Regulatory Role of Transcription Factors in Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants
Unlike animals, plants are sessile and cannot avoid environmental challenges by changing their place. They have to face all these challenges such as...