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Ophthalmology of Testudines: Turtles and Tortoises
At present, turtles, tortoises, and terrapins of the order Testudines comprise 356 species within 14 extant families (Rhodin et al. 2017). They...
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Ophthalmology of Sciuromorpha: Squirrels, Prairie Dogs, and Relatives
The Sciuromorpha clade includes three families: Sciuridae, Aplodontiidae, and Gliridae. Of these families, the Sciuridae, or “squirrel-like,” family...
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Ophthalmology of Palaeognathae: Ostriches, Rheas, Emu, Cassowaries, Tinamous, and Kiwis
This chapter reviews and summarizes the ophthalmological knowledge of the Palaeognathae, an avian clade that includes ostriches, rheas, emus,...
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Structural Features of the Skin, Hair, and Specific Skin Glands of the Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus, Cricetidae, Rodentia)
AbstractThe structure of the skin and hair in the common hamster, Cricetus cricetus , a species classified as CR (Critically Endangered, IUCN), was...
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Ophthalmology of Rhynchocephalia: Tuatara
The order Rhynchocephalia once contained a diverse group of lizard-like genera, the majority of which are now extinct. Only one known species is...
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Saliva
Salivary glands are classified, based on their size, as major or minor salivary glands. More than 90% of the saliva is secreted from the major...
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Melatonin activates the vascular elements, telocytes, and neuroimmune communication in the adrenal gland of Soay rams during the non-breeding season
The adrenal glands of 15 adult Soay rams were used to study the effect of melatonin on their vascular elements and cellular organization. A...
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Ophthalmology of Monotremes: Platypus and Echidnas
Monotremes are members of the order “Monotremata” and represent the most primitive order of mammals, characterized by certain reptilian features,...
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Melatonin and Seasonal Reproduction in Teleosts
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine or melatonin is prepared and discharge by the pineal gland andretina of fish. This tiny but versatile tryptophan-derived...
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Melatonin as a biological “time keeper” and its potential application in fish reproduction: a review
The biological rhythm is regulated through endogenous circadian clock and synchronizes with photoperiodic signal in an environmental light-dark...
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Ophthalmology of Eulipotyphla: Moles, Shrews, Hedgehogs, and Relatives
Eulipotyphla is one of the newest orders of animals of the Mammalia class with some of the oldest and most primitive placental mammals. This order...
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Ophthalmology of Gekkota: Geckos
Geckos are lizards of the infraorder Gekkota and are subdivided into seven families. Over 1,500 species are found worldwide (with the exception of...
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Reeves’ Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby, 1839)
This comprehensive species-specific chapter covers all aspects of the mammalian biology, including paleontology, physiology, genetics, reproduction...
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Ophthalmology of Ruminantia: Giraffe, Deer, Wildebeests, Gazelles, and Relatives
Ruminantia is a clade of even-toed hoofed mammals with ruminant digestion, within the order Artiodactyla (Flower 1883), and includes two infraorders:...
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Reeves’ Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby, 1839)
This comprehensive species-specific chapter covers all aspects of the mammalian biology, including paleontology, physiology, genetics, reproduction...
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Introduction to Ophthalmology of Aves
The status of avian ophthalmology, especially regarding clinical and surgical aspects, depends highly on furthering our understanding of the basic...
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Ophthalmology of Amphibia: Caecilians, Salamanders, Frogs, Toads, and Relatives
Amphibians arise from a diverse class of animals that includes three distinct orders: Anura (frogs and toads) which contains approximately 5400...
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Ophthalmology of Psittaciformes: Parrots and Relatives
Psittaciformes is an ancient order among modern birds, distributed across over 90 genera totaling nearly 400 species (Forshaw 1989; Sibley and...
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Ophthalmology of Whippomorpha: Hippopotamuses, Whales, and Dolphins
The suborder Whippormorpha is small by number but features the largest of all vertebrates, cetaceans (whales and dolphins), as well as hippopotamuses...
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Microbiology and Pathology of Viral Diseases in Laboratory Animals
Laboratory animal vivarium is susceptible to various pathogens. Frequently, these pathogens cause clinical disease and interfere with haematology and...