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Ophthalmology of Ruminantia: Giraffe, Deer, Wildebeests, Gazelles, and Relatives

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Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology

Abstract

Ruminantia is a clade of even-toed hoofed mammals with ruminant digestion, within the order Artiodactyla (Flower 1883), and includes two infraorders: Pecora and Tragulina. Chevrotains are the only extant members of Tragulina and due to lack of information about the ocular system of chevrotains, this chapter will focus on the infraorder Pecora. The Pecora, often referred to as horned livestock, include the Superfamilies Giraffidea, Cervoidae, and Bovidae. Defining characteristics of these species include a four-chambered stomach and a paraxonic foot that supports the animal’s body weight on the third and fourth digits of the hoof (Flower 1883). Most Pecora have a distinguishing cranial appendage projecting from the frontal bones of the skull (Bubenik 1990). Modern Pecora have one of four types of cranial appendages: horns (cattle, sheep, goats, and antelope), antlers (Cervidae—deer and moose), ossicones (Giraffidae—giraffe and okapi), or pronghorns (Pronghorn antelope, Antilocapra americana, the only extant species with pronghorns) (Janis and Scott 1987; Gomez et al. 2019). The exceptions, members of the genus Hydropotes (water deer) and Moschus (musk deer), instead have long, saber-like teeth, or tusks instead of a cranial appendage (Gomez et al. 2019). Although varied, the eyes and adnexa of this exotic hoofstock have many characteristics in common with their domestic counterparts, although their susceptibility to certain infections may differ. Ocular surface disease, especially infectious keratoconjunctivitis, and uveal inflammation associated with systemic disease account for most ophthalmic disease in these animals.

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  1. Departments of Small and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Caryn E. Plummer

  2. Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Eric C. Ledbetter

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  1. Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira

  2. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Bret A. Moore

  3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

    Gil Ben-Shlomo

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Plummer, C.E., Ledbetter, E.C. (2022). Ophthalmology of Ruminantia: Giraffe, Deer, Wildebeests, Gazelles, and Relatives. In: Montiani-Ferreira, F., Moore, B.A., Ben-Shlomo, G. (eds) Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81273-7_7

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