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Toll-like Receptor 2-Melatonin Feedback Loop Regulates the Activation of Spinal NLRP3 Inflammasome in Morphine-Tolerant Rats
Background and Purpose: Morphine is amongst the most effective analgesics available for the management of severe pain. However, prolonged morphine...
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Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy
BackgroundThe pathogen responsible for tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its interaction with macrophages has a significant impact...
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Epigenetic regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in kidney disease
Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the worldwide population and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA...
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Does SARS-CoV-2 affect neurodegenerative disorders? TLR2, a potential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory system coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created significant challenges for...
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The contribution of pattern recognition receptor signalling in the development of age related macular degeneration: the role of toll-like-receptors and the NLRP3-inflammasome
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, characterised by the dysfunction and death of the...
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Regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways in atherosclerosis: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics
Atherosclerosis, one of the life-threatening cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), has been demonstrated to be a chronic inflammatory disease, and...
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Targeting Toll-Like Receptors for the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer (LC) remains a significant concern for the community, causing the greatest number of fatalities linked to cancer globally. Toll-like...
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Ancient fish lineages illuminate toll-like receptor diversification in early vertebrate evolution
Since its initial discovery over 50 years ago, understanding the evolution of the vertebrate RAG- mediated adaptive immune response has been a major...
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The Emerging Role of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Signals in Psychiatric Disorders and Acquired Epilepsy
The new and evolving paradigms of psychiatric disorders pathogenesis are deeply inclined toward chronic inflammation that leads to disturbances in...
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Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): new insight immune and aging
TLR4, a transmembrane receptor, plays a central role in the innate immune response. TLR4 not only engages with exogenous ligands at the cellular...
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Toll-Like Receptors in Pain and Itch
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) are genetically encoded proteins which recognize a host of highly conserved “danger signals” produced by...
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Phytochemicals as Modulators of Toll-Like Receptors: An Immunopharmacological Perspective
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are molecular receptors that can “sense” potential foreign antigens to protect the host. Crosstalk between exogenous and...
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Intestinal serotonergic system is modulated by Toll-like receptor 9
Intestinal serotonergic system is a key modulator of intestinal homeostasis; however, its regulation is still unclear. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9),...
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Colchicine Alleviates Rosacea by Inhibiting Neutrophil Inflammation Activated by the TLR2 Pathway
Rosacea is a chronic facial inflammatory skin disease that occurs with dysfunction of the immune system. Colchicine was reported to have...
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Targeting Toll-Like Receptors in Cancer Immunotherapy
Recently, novel cancer immunotherapy approaches have gained rising interest. While chronic inflammation has been defined as a major hallmark of...
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TLR2 Mediates Microglial Activation and Contributes to Central Sensitization in a Recurrent Nitroglycerin-induced Chronic Migraine Model
Central sensitization is an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying chronic migraine (CM). Previous studies have shown that microglial...
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Toll-Like Receptor 9 Aggravates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Promoting NLRP3-Mediated Pyroptosis of Alveolar Epithelial Cells
The apoptosis-prone property of alveolar epithelial cells plays a crucial role in pulmonary fibrosis(PF), but the role of pyroptosis in it is still...
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Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in a Population-Based Study of HIV and Tuberculosis Patients from Eastern Europe and Central Asia
AbstractGenetic diversity of human populations is determined by polymorphic variants of immune response genes and can be linked to the variation in...
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BacSp222 bacteriocin as a novel ligand for TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer
Objective and designBacSp222 bacteriocin is a bactericidal and proinflammatory peptide stimulating immune cells to produce selected cytokines and NO...
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Neurons Mediates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
In microglia, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is well known to contribute to neuroinflammatory responses following brain ischemia. TLR4 is also expressed...
