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LAG-3 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Lung Cancer
The immune checkpoint LAG-3 (lymphocyte activation gene 3) or CD223/FDC protein is located on chromosome 12 of the human genome. Enhancement of...
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Immunotherapy for Cutaneous Melanoma
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer whose incidence is increasing in western countries. Among novel treatments, immunotherapy has shown...
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Personalized Medicine in Clinical Management of Breast Cancer: Where Do We Stand?
Breast cancer, the most common cancer occurring worldwide, is characterized by varied clinicopathological features. The current classification based...
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Understanding and Targeting Human Cancer Regulatory T Cells to Improve Therapy
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical in maintaining immune homeostasis under various pathophysiological conditions. A growing body of evidence...
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LAG3 blockade coordinates with microwave ablation to promote CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity
BackgroundThe immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with other therapeutic strategies have shown exciting results in various malignancies, and...
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New Approaches Targeting Immuno-oncology and Tumor Microenvironment
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy is now a key tool in the war against cancer. Antibody medications, such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1, have several...
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Advancements in clinical aspects of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women worldwide. The heterogeneity of this disease presents a big challenge in its therapeutic...
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Nanotechnology and Immunomodulators in Cancer
In the last years, immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for treatment in cancer without massive damaging normal cells, by reprogramming and...
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Novel immune checkpoint targets: moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4
The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly including anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1...
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Macrophage’s role in solid tumors: two edges of a sword
The tumor microenvironment is overwhelmingly dictated by macrophages, intimately affiliated with tumors, exercising pivotal roles in multiple...
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The role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer
Breast cancer is a severe problem worldwide due to an increase in mortality and prevalence among women. Despite early diagnostic procedures as well...
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Discovery of New Immune Checkpoints: Family Grows Up
The first generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 has achieved profound and great success....
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Immunological Targets for Immunotherapy: Inhibitory T Cell Receptors
Tumor development is characterized by the accumulation of mutational and epigenetic changes that transform normal cells and survival pathways into...
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Luminal Breast Cancer: Risk of Recurrence and Tumor-Associated Immune Suppression
Hormone-receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) (including the luminal A and the luminal B subtypes) is the most common type of tumor in women...
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Emerging immunotherapies for metastasis
Major advances in cancer immunotherapy have dramatically expanded the potential to manipulate immune cells in cancer patients with metastatic disease...
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Lung cancer immunotherapy: progress, pitfalls, and promises
Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality in the United States and around the globe. Therapeutic options for lung cancer treatment include...
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Tumor immune checkpoints and their associated inhibitors
Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers, as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint (IC) confers immune...
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Inhibitory receptors and ligands beyond PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4: breakthroughs or backups
Although immunotherapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors (IRs) CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 have made substantial clinical progress in cancer, a...
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Future prospects of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer: from response prediction to overcoming resistance
Recent advances in the understating of tumor immunology suggest that cancer immunotherapy is an effective treatment against various types of cancer....
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Emerging Immune Context
Historically, in the microbiological contamination control (MCC) of small molecule drugs (SMDs) and large volume parenterals (LVPs), the adaptive...