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Reference Work Entry In depth
Mars, Paleo Ocean
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Article
Open AccessEvidence of an oceanic impact and megatsunami sedimentation in Chryse Planitia, Mars
In 1976, NASA's Viking 1 Lander (V1L) was the first spacecraft to operate successfully on the Martian surface. The V1L landed near the terminus of an enormous catastrophic flood channel, Maja Valles. However, ...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Mars, Paleo Ocean
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Article
Open AccessNorth polar trough formation due to in-situ erosion as a source of young ice in mid-latitudinal mantles on Mars
The clockwise spiral of troughs marking the Martian north polar plateau forms one of the planet’s youngest megastructures. One popular hypothesis posits that the spiral pattern resulted as troughs underwent po...
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Article
Open AccessThe Chaotic Terrains of Mercury Reveal a History of Planetary Volatile Retention and Loss in the Innermost Solar System
Mercury’s images obtained by the 1974 Mariner 10 flybys show extensive cratered landscapes degraded into vast knob fields, known as chaotic terrain (AKA hilly and lineated terrain). For nearly half a century, ...
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Chapter
Global Megaflood Paleohydrology
centuries of geological controversy, it is now well-established that the last major deglaciation of planet Earth involved huge fluxes of water from the wasting continental , and that much of this water was...
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Chapter
Geologic Tools
Reasoning in geology is based on the continuous activity of comparing, connecting, observations. This allows the formulation of genetic hypotheses, which consequences will be evaluated through their consistenc...
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Article
Damming the rivers of the Amazon basin
More than a hundred hydropower dams have already been built in the Amazon basin and numerous proposals for further dam constructions are under consideration. The accumulated negative environmental effects of e...
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Article
Open AccessTsunami waves extensively resurfaced the shorelines of an early Martian ocean
It has been proposed that ~3.4 billion years ago an ocean fed by enormous catastrophic floods covered most of the Martian northern lowlands. However, a persistent problem with this hypothesis is the lack of de...
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Article
Open AccessErratum: Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form and why did they drain so rapidly?
Catastrophic floods generated ~3.2 Ga by rapid groundwater evacuation scoured the Solar System’s most voluminous channels, the southern circum-Chryse outflow channels. Based on Viking Orbiter data analysis, it...
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Article
Open AccessMartian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form and why did they drain so rapidly?
Catastrophic floods generated ~3.2 Ga by rapid groundwater evacuation scoured the Solar System’s most voluminous channels, the southern circum-Chryse outflow channels. Based on Viking Orbiter data analysis, it...
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Chapter
EPILOGUE: Skepticism Versus Fallibilism for Achieving Reliable Science and Wise Policy Decisions
The many chapters in this volume summarize what glaciers are telling us about how Earth’s climate is changing. To use a very simple analogy, the observed changes in Earth’s glaciers are functioning in the same...
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Chapter
Effects of Tsunami Wave Erosion on Natural Landscapes: Examples from the 2011 Tohoku-oki Tsunami
The 2011 Tohoku-oki Tsunami affected approximately 600 km of the northeastern coast of the Japanese Honshu Island, leaving traces of destruction on man-made buildings and depositing mud- to boulder-sized sedim...
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Chapter
Channeled Scablands: A Megaflood Landscape
The Channeled Scabland of east-central Washington in the USA is a complex of anastomosing, rock-cut fluvial channels, rock basins, cataracts, streamlined loess hills, and immense gravel bars. It was all produc...
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Reference Work Entry In depth
Glacial Megalakes
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Reference Work Entry In depth
Late Quaternary Megafloods
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Article
Geological history turned upside down
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Article
Water cycling on Mars
The Meridiani Planum region on Mars is rich in minerals derived from evaporation, but lacks a topography consistent with standing water. Do the deposits stem from upwelling groundwater early in the planet's hi...
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Chapter
Traits and Evolution of the Tharsis Superplume, Mars
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Chapter
Tharsis Superplume and the Geological Evolution of Early Mars
