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Protocol
Crystallization of Microbial Rhodopsins
Microbial rhodopsins are light-sensitive transmembrane proteins, evolutionary adapted by various organisms like archaea, bacteria, simple eukaryote, and viruses to utilize solar energy for their survival. A co...
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Protocol
Electrophysiological Characterization of Microbial Rhodopsin Transport Properties: Electrometric and ΔpH Measurements Using Planar Lipid Bilayer, Collodion Film, and Fluorescent Probe Approaches
Electrophysiological approaches to the study of the activity of retinal-containing protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) or other proteins of this family are based usually on measurements of electrical current throug...
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Protocol
Microbial Rhodopsins
The first microbial rhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum (HsBR), was discovered in 1971. Since then, this seven-α-helical protein, comprising a retinal molecule as ...
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Protocol
Rhodopsin-Based Optogenetics: Basics and Applications
Optogenetics has revolutionized not only neuroscience but also had an impact on muscle physiology and cell biology. Rhodopsin-based optogenetics started with the discovery of the light-gated cation channels, c...
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Protocol
E. coli Expression and Purification of Microbial and Viral Rhodopsins
Microbial rhodopsins have become an indispensable tool for neurobiology. Of thousands of identified microbial rhodopsins, a minute fraction has been studied so far and they have shown remarkable functional div...