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    Protocol

    Crystallization of Microbial Rhodopsins

    Microbial rhodopsins are light-sensitive transmembrane proteins, evolutionary adapted by various organisms like archaea, bacteria, simple eukaryote, and viruses to utilize solar energy for their survival. A co...

    Kirill Kovalev, Roman Astashkin, Valentin Gordeliy, Vadim Cherezov in Rhodopsin (2022)

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    Protocol

    Electrophysiological Characterization of Microbial Rhodopsin Transport Properties: Electrometric and ΔpH Measurements Using Planar Lipid Bilayer, Collodion Film, and Fluorescent Probe Approaches

    Electrophysiological approaches to the study of the activity of retinal-containing protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) or other proteins of this family are based usually on measurements of electrical current throug...

    Tatyana I. Rokitskaya, Nina L. Maliar, Sergey A. Siletsky, Valentin Gordeliy in Rhodopsin (2022)

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    Protocol

    Microbial Rhodopsins

    The first microbial rhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum (HsBR), was discovered in 1971. Since then, this seven-α-helical protein, comprising a retinal molecule as ...

    Valentin Gordeliy, Kirill Kovalev, Ernst Bamberg, Francisco Rodriguez-Valera in Rhodopsin (2022)

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    Protocol

    Rhodopsin-Based Optogenetics: Basics and Applications

    Optogenetics has revolutionized not only neuroscience but also had an impact on muscle physiology and cell biology. Rhodopsin-based optogenetics started with the discovery of the light-gated cation channels, c...

    Alexey Alekseev, Valentin Gordeliy, Ernst Bamberg in Rhodopsin (2022)

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    Protocol

    E. coli Expression and Purification of Microbial and Viral Rhodopsins

    Microbial rhodopsins have become an indispensable tool for neurobiology. Of thousands of identified microbial rhodopsins, a minute fraction has been studied so far and they have shown remarkable functional div...

    Taras Balandin, Dmytro Volkov, Alexey Alekseev, Kirill Kovalev in Rhodopsin (2022)