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Microbial Rhodopsins

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Rhodopsin

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2501))

Abstract

The first microbial rhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum (HsBR), was discovered in 1971. Since then, this seven-α-helical protein, comprising a retinal molecule as a cofactor, became a major driver of groundbreaking developments in membrane protein research. However, until 1999 only a few archaeal rhodopsins, acting as light-driven proton and chloride pumps and also photosensors, were known. A new microbial rhodopsin era started in 2000 when the first bacterial rhodopsin, a proton pump, was discovered. Later it became clear that there are unexpectedly many rhodopsins, and they are present in all the domains of life and even in viruses. It turned out that they execute such a diversity of functions while being “nearly the same.” The incredible evolution of the research area of rhodopsins and the scientific and technological potential of the proteins is described in the review with a focus on their function–structure relationships.

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation (RSF) Project 21-64-00018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France

    Valentin Gordeliy & Kirill Kovalev

  2. Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany

    Kirill Kovalev

  3. JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany

    Kirill Kovalev

  4. Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia

    Kirill Kovalev, Francisco Rodriguez-Valera, Egor Zinovev, Dmitrii Zabelskii, Alexey Alekseev, Ivan Gushchin & Ivan Okhrimenko

  5. Institute of Crystallography, University of Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany

    Kirill Kovalev

  6. Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Ernst Bamberg

  7. Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Francisco Rodriguez-Valera

  8. Departamento de Fisiología, Genetica y Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

    Riccardo Rosselli

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Correspondence to Valentin Gordeliy .

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    Valentin Gordeliy

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Gordeliy, V. et al. (2022). Microbial Rhodopsins. In: Gordeliy, V. (eds) Rhodopsin. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2501. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_1

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