23 Result(s)
within
Richard O. Williams
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Article
Arming the regulators — new strategies to treat autoimmunity
A great deal of interest exists in the use of regulatory T cells for therapeutic purposes in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Two new studies highlight possible approaches to achieve this aim,...
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Open AccessResponse to Treatment with TNFα Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Associated with High Levels of GM-CSF and GM-CSF+ T Lymphocytes
Biologic TNFα inhibitors are a mainstay treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to other treatment options. However, many patients either do not respond or relapse after initial...
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Article
Open AccessIncrease in circulating Th17 cells during anti-TNF therapy is associated with ultrasonographic improvement of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis
Anti-TNF agents have revolutionised rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment; however, a third of patients fail to achieve therapeutic responses. Unexpectedly, studies in murine and human arthritis have indicated t...
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Article
Open AccessAbrogation of collagen-induced arthritis by a peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibitor is associated with modulation of T cell-mediated immune responses
Proteins containing citrulline, a post-translational modification of arginine, are generated by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD). Citrullinated proteins have pro-inflammatory effects in both innate and adapt...
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Article
Open AccessApplying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, chronic disorder and there is currently an unmet need for effective therapies that will benefit a wide range of patients. The research and development process for thera...
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Chapter
Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in Immune-Mediated Inflammation
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays a key role in immune homeostasis via depletion of tryptophan and accumulation of kynurenines and is recognized as an important factor contributing to suppression of anti...
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Article
Kynurenine metabolism in health and disease
Kynurenine is a small molecule derived from tryptophan when this amino acid is metabolised via the kynurenine pathway. The biological activity of kynurenine and its metabolites (kynurenines) is well recognised...
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Article
Open AccessApremilast, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells and ameliorates experimental arthritis
Type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4) play an important role in immune cells through the hydrolysis of the second messenger, cAMP. Inhibition of PDE4 has previously been shown to suppress immune and inflammatory re...
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Article
Paradoxical effects of tumour necrosis factor-α in adjuvant-induced arthritis
Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α therapy is highly effective in rheumatoid arthritis and it is surprising, therefore, that a recent study showed that intraperitoneal administration of recombinant TNFα reduce...
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Article
Protocol for the induction of arthritis in C57BL/6 mice
Collagen-induced arthritis is a well-validated, but strain-dependent mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, with H-2q and H-2r strains showing the greatest degree of susceptibility. This protocol describes the indu...
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Article
Open AccessCollagen-induced arthritis in C57BL/6 mice is associated with a robust and sustained T-cell response to type II collagen
Many genetically modified mouse strains are now available on a C57BL/6 (H-2b) background, a strain that is relatively resistant to collagen-induced arthritis. To facilitate the molecular understanding of autoimmu...
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Protocol
Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice
Collagen-induced arthritis in mice has been widely used to address questions of disease pathogenesis and to validate therapeutic targets for human rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis is normally observed about 3 w...
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Protocol
Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice
Collagen-induced arthritis is the most widely used animal model for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis. The disease is induced by immunization of genetically susceptible st...
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Protocol
Collagen-Induced Arthritis as a Model for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that is widely used to address questions of disease pathogenesis and to validate therapeutic targets. Arthritis is normally indu...
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Article
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Isoforms in Collagen-Induced Arthritis
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Article
Combination therapy in mice: what can we learn that may be useful for understanding rheumatoid arthritis?
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Article
Are there two classes of VSG gene in Trypanosoma brucei?
Antigenic variation in the African trypanosomes involves the sequential expression of genes coding for different variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) (reviewed in refs 1–3). When expression of some VSG genes i...
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Article
DNA rearrangements linked to expression of a predominant surface antigen gene of trypanosomes
African trypanosomes show an extensive capacity for antigenic variation1–6. The serotype of each antigenic variant is determined by a variant-specific surface antigen (VSA) which forms a continuous coat over the ...
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Article
Genomic environment of T. brucei VSG genes: presence of a minichromosome
Restriction endonuclease maps of some trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes have a site 3′ to the gene where many enzymes appear to cut. This site is sensitive to Bal31 exonuclease, indicating a na...
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Article
Two distinct forms of surface antigen gene rearrangement in Trypanosoma brucei
African trypanosomes express different surface antigens sequentially in their mammalian hosts1. Expression of different variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) antigens is associated with rearrangements of genomic DN...
