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Open AccessOperando probing of the surface chemistry during the Haber–Bosch process
The large-scale conversion of N2 and H2 into NH3 (refs. 1,2) over Fe and Ru catalysts3 for fertilizer production occurs through the Haber–Bosch process, which has been considered the most important scientific inv...
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Open AccessStroboscopic operando spectroscopy of the dynamics in heterogeneous catalysis by event-averaging
Heterogeneous catalyst surfaces are dynamic entities that respond rapidly to changes in their local gas environment, and the dynamics of the response is a decisive factor for the catalysts’ action and activity...