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Article
Open AccessReal-time observation of a metal complex-driven reaction intermediate using a porous protein crystal and serial femtosecond crystallography
Determining short-lived intermediate structures in chemical reactions is challenging. Although ultrafast spectroscopic methods can detect the formation of transient intermediates, real-space structures cannot ...
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Article
Open AccessOxygen-evolving photosystem II structures during S1–S2–S3 transitions
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyses the oxidation of water through a four-step cycle of Si states (i = 0–4) at the Mn4CaO5 cluster1–3, during which an extra oxygen (O6) is incorporated at the S3 state to form a possi...
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Article
Case and number suppletion in pronouns
Suppletion for case and number in pronominal paradigms shows robust patterns across a large, cross-linguistic survey. These patterns are largely, but not entirely, parallel to patterns described in Bobaljik (2012
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Chapter
The Dream: A Future Powered by Plutonium
During the secret US World War II nuclear-weapon project, the scientists in the small group designing the facilities that would produce the plutonium were deeply concerned about what nuclear weapons might mean...
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Chapter
Civilian Plutonium Separation and Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation
The United Nations was founded immediately after the end of World War II in the hope of preventing an even more catastrophic war fought with nuclear weapons.
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Chapter
A Much Worse Accident That Almost Happened in Fukushima: A Fire in a Dense-Packed Spent-Fuel Pool
The previous chapter discussed the nightmare caused by the continuation of reprocessing despite the failure of the fast-breeder dream: accumulation of plutonium that could make tens of thousands of bombs.
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Chapter
Deep Disposal of Spent Fuel Without Reprocessing
With no need for startup plutonium for thousands of plutonium breeder reactors and with plutonium recycle in light-water reactors (LWRs) not economic, reprocessing and breeder advocates now argue that separati...
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Chapter
Continuation of Plutonium Separation Without Breeder Reactors
Because of their high costs and technical problems, liquid-sodium-cooled fast-neutron breeder reactors (FBRs) did not come into widespread use as power reactors. The US Atomic Energy Commission’s vision of a p...
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Chapter
Early Dry-Cask Storage: A Safer Alternative to Dense-Packed Pools and Reprocessing
Canceled and delayed plans for reprocessing, and delays in identifying central-storage and burial sites for spent fuel have resulted in nuclear utilities in a number of countries dense-racking their spent-fuel...
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Chapter
The Case for a Ban on Plutonium Separation
The previous chapters have described the history of reprocessing, starting with its role in the US World War II effort that produced the plutonium-based nuclear bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki.
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Chapter
Overview
One of the first tasks of the secret US World War II nuclear-weapon project was to to produce plutonium for bombs.
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Chapter and Conference Paper
An Adaptive DoS Attack Mitigation Measure for Field Networks in Smart Grids
The wireless mesh networks is one of the key technologies for field device networks to maximize the effect of smart grid. However, the wireless mesh networks is exposed to DoS attack based on routing misbehavi...
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Chapter and Conference Paper
Lightweight IEC 61850 Secure Communication Module for Microgrids
Microgrid systems use distributed renewable energy resources to reduce dependency of traditional power systems. These energy devices are located at various places because of their characteristic and communicat...
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Book
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Chapter
Using the Graphite Isotope Ratio Method to Verify the DPRK’s Plutonium-Production Declaration
The graphite isotope ratio method can give an accurate estimate of the total plutonium production in a graphite-moderated reactor without detailed information on the reactor’s operating history. Transmutation ...
