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Molecular Imaging of PD-1 Unveils Unknown Characteristics of PD-1 Itself by Visualizing “PD-1 Microclusters”
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is one of the most famous coinhibitory receptors that are expressed on effector T cells to regulate their function. The PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, are expressed by various ce...
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Article
Open AccessEvaluation of therapeutic PD-1 antibodies by an advanced single-molecule imaging system detecting human PD-1 microclusters
With recent advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), immunotherapy has become the standard treatment for various malignant tumors. Their indications and dosages have been determined empirically, taking...
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Article
Open AccessPD-L2 suppresses T cell signaling via coinhibitory microcluster formation and SHP2 phosphatase recruitment
The coinhibitory receptor, PD-1, is of major importance for the suppression of T cell activation in various types of immune responses. A high-resolution imaging study showed that PD-1 forms a coinhibitory sign...
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Article
Open AccessProtein expression guided chemical profiling of living cells by the simultaneous observation of Raman scattering and anti-Stokes fluorescence emission
Our current understanding of molecular biology provides a clear picture of how the genome, transcriptome and proteome regulate each other, but how the chemical environment of the cell plays a role in cellular ...
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Article
Open AccessNon-label immune cell state prediction using Raman spectroscopy
The acquired immune system, mainly composed of T and B lymphocytes, plays a key role in protecting the host from infection. It is important and technically challenging to identify cell types and their activati...
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Article
Open AccessDependence of fluorescent protein brightness on protein concentration in solution and enhancement of it
Fluorescent proteins have been widely used in biology because of their compatibility and varied applications in living specimens. Fluorescent proteins are often undesirably sensitive to intracellular condition...
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Article
Open AccessVisualizing the appearance and disappearance of the attractor of differentiation using Raman spectral imaging
Using Raman spectral imaging, we visualized the cell state transition during differentiation and constructed hypothetical potential landscapes for attractors of cellular states on a state space composed of par...
