Anesthesia of the Upper Limb
A State of the Art Guide
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Chapter
Pulmonary Surfactant
Pulmonary surfactant composition and Laplace’s formula are explained.
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Chapter
Enzymes and Coenzymes (A Brief, Boring but Necessary Preamble)
It is explained how enzymes and coenzymes work: molecules which facilitate biochemical reactions in living organisms.
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Chapter
Tricarboxylic Acids Cycle or Krebs Cycle
Krebs cycle, present in cells containing mitochondria, is described in an easily memorisable logical sequence. It is also explained why, when a patient is mechanically ventilated, care must be taken not to fal...
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Chapter
Hexose-Monophosphate Shunt or Horecker Cycle (The Sleep Pathway)
The pentose cycle or direct oxidative pathway (DOP) may be defined as the sleep and synthesis pathway. It produces NADPH2, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, hormones, nucleic acids, CoA, FAD and so on; the s...
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Chapter
Blood–Brain Barrier
Blood–brain barrier characteristics are analyzed, which must be considered to be much more than a connective supporting tissue between the neurons and the capillary endothelium.
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Chapter
The Grand Design
In the closing chapter, the author attempts to unravel at least in part what appears to be Life’s Grand Master Plan.
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Chapter
Anaerobic Glycolysis or Embden–Meyerhof Pathway
Embden–Meyerhof pathway is the name given to the anaerobic metabolic degradation of glucose. We consider some basic concepts: the importance of pyruvic acid as an acceptor of hydrogen ions, similar to that of ...
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Chapter
Normobaric Oxygen Therapy(a little used therapeutic system)
Normobaric oxygen therapy is easy to administer in stay wards with a face mask. It has many effects: antibacterial action; anti-oedema effect; repairs soft tissues; stimulates the activity of the osteoblasts.
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Chapter
Glutamate – GABA Collateral Cycle
Transformation of glutamate, one of the most potent exciter neurotransmitters, into Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the most potent inhibitors; the action of vitamin B6 as a coenzyme, as well as antieme...
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Chapter
Epilogue and Farewell
The author explains how biochemistry can be useful to an anaesthesiologist or an intensivist. Some random examples are given.
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Chapter
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Thiamine is considered not just as a vitamin, but also as a drug: for anaesthesia, analgesia and intensive care.
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Chapter
Acid–Base Equilibrium(cliche paper yellow)
The acid–base equilibrium is explained in a simple, linear manner. Pathogenesis and therapy of its basic modifications, acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory and metabolic, are described.
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Chapter
Local Anaesthetics
Chemical characteristics of the various local anaesthetics are described: moreover their mechanism of action, toxicity, and the remedies to the latter.
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Chapter
Cerebral Oedema
Pathogenesis of cerebral oedema is considered. We also consider the various therapeutic measures available: mannitol, glycerol, dihydroxyacetone, hypertonic saline solution, barbiturate coma, cortisones, citic...
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Chapter
When the Mind Does Not Work as It Should
The authors consider the possible correlations between certain alterations of the neurotransmitters of the central nervous system and two common clinical syndromes: schizophrenia and depression.
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Chapter
Theories of Narcosis
The various historic hypotheses regarding narcosis are reviewed. The chapter closes with the action on the multimodal receptors of inhalatory anaesthetics.
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Chapter
Neurotransmitters
Origin and function of various neurotransmitters are expounded, from acetylcholine to catecholamine, glutamate, substance P, GABA, serotonin and melatonin with a final section on memory.
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Chapter
Perineural Adjuvants
The authors take in consideration various adjuvants added to local anesthetics to prolong postoperative analgesia: epinephrine, sodium bicarbonate, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, dexamethasone, midazolam, bupreno...
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Chapter
Shock
Pathogenesis of shock and its treatment are considered. We warn against the excessive use of catecholamines (apart from septic shock).
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Book
