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Vaccine Advocacy, Politics, and Anti-vaccine Movements
The influence of the anti-vaccine movement reaches beyond its actual members. Although there is widespread support for existing vaccine policies and medical experts refute many of the movement’s claims about t...
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Regulation and Testing of Vaccines
Federal regulation of vaccine safety began in 1902, with the passage of the Biologics Control Act. Since the act’s introduction, several federal agencies have become involved in vaccine safety, including the C...
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Vaccines and Intellectual Property
Intellectual property (IP) is “any product of the human intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others” (Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute Intellectual Property. htt...
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Immunization Information Systems
Immunizations are important tools for reducing vaccine preventable diseases (Scharf et al., Acad Pediatr 21:S57, 2021) and by two years of age, over 20% of children in the United States (U.S.) have typically s...
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Funding Vaccinations in the United States
Vaccines are an important tool in promoting public health; they provide public and private health benefits and their economic returns are 16 times greater than the initial costs (Scharf et al., Acad Pediatr 21...
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Informed Consent
Informed consent is the right to make an “intentional, free, and knowledge-based decision about” medical treatment (Reiss and Karako-Eyal, Am J Law Med 45:357–363, 2019.). This idea is grounded in the moral pr...
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Tort Liability for Failure to Vaccinate
Despite the medical and scientific consensus that the risks associated with vaccinating with routine vaccines are smaller than the risks of not vaccinating (Reiss, Cornell J Law Public Policy 23:595–601, 2014;...
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School Vaccine Mandates and Exemptions
School vaccination mandates have a long history in the United States (U.S.) dating as far back as 1855, when the state of Massachusetts implemented the first mandate requiring a smallpox vaccine (Reiss and Wei...
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Federal Vaccine Mandates
An important feature of democracy in our country is a system of checks and balances that distributes authoritative power between the federal, state, and local governments. Consistent with this notion, the Tent...
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Vaccine Policy in Emergency Situations
The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act of 2005 (PREP Act) “authorizes the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to issue a declaration that provides immunity from tort lia...
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Vaccine Passports for Travel
In response to an extreme pandemic like COVID-19, significant air travel restrictions were put in place to prevent the spread of the virus (Schlagenhauf, Travel Med Infect Dis, https://doi.org/10...
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Vaccine Incentives and Health Insurance Surcharges
When COVID-19 spread across the globe, overwhelming healthcare systems and interrupting national productivity, many hoped that the discovery of a vaccine would provide necessary relief. When the Food and Drug ...
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Introduction: Vaccines Basics, Balance of Interests, and the Legal Framework
Vaccine law is complex because it covers many issues. Vaccines are developed by scientists but made by corporations, and several areas of law affect their oversight, production, and sales. But vaccines are not...
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Postmarket Vaccine Safety
Vaccines are held to a very high safety standard because they are given to healthy individuals. To ensure this high level of safety, a great deal of effort is put towards vaccine development. This effort has s...
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Vaccine Injury Compensation in the United States
While vaccines have large benefits, they do have some risks. Anything that has an effect on the body has the potential to cause harm—if nothing else, an allergic reaction is often a possibility. Vaccines are s...
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Vaccine Regulation in Global Comparison
Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective public health measures ever taken by the scientific community, and no doubt provide irrefutable benefit to societies across the globe. This benefit, however, does no...
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Vaccine Equity
Vaccine equity ensures that everyone has fair and just access to vaccinations regardless of social, geographic, political, economic, and environmental factors (CDC, COVID-19 vaccine equity for racial and ethni...
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Vaccine Access in Global Comparison
What began as a novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China in late 2019 soon erupted into an unprecedented global health crisis, as the COVID-19 outbreak emerged into a pandemic that spread across nearly every...
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Adolescent Consent
State law generally controls whether parental consent is required for minors who may want to make their own health care decisions—including vaccination (English et al., J Adolesc Health 53:550–551, 2013.). Thi...
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Introduction to Vaccine Mandates in the United States
Since the invention of vaccines, the benefits of effective vaccination have become clear, and the more individuals who vaccinate, the greater the protection of the whole population. However, opposition to vacc...
