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Article
Backward and Forward Integration Along Global Value Chains
Both backward (upstream) and forward (downstream) vertical integration strategies shape the organization of global value chains (GVCs). Yet, many studies make the unrealistic assumption that integration decisi...
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Chapter
Food and Agriculture Global Value Chains: New Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
In the past twenty years, production has been increasingly unbundled and shared across many countries at different levels of development. The common perception is that Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has neither been...
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Article
Global value chains participation and productivity gains for North African firms
The emergence of global value chains (GVCs) has provided some firms the opportunity to internationalize by specializing in the production of specific inputs or tasks along the chain, with a direct impact on a ...
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Article
Neutrophils in innate and adaptive immunity
Neutrophils have long been viewed as short-lived cells crucial for the elimination of extracellular pathogens, possessing a limited role in the orchestration of the immune response. This dogma has been challen...