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Open AccessA red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean
In the Arctic Ocean ice algae constitute a key ecosystem component and the ice algal spring bloom a critical event in the annual production cycle. The bulk of ice algal biomass is usually found in the bottom f...
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Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways
The Arctic Oscillation, rather than the Beaufort High, is the main factor affecting the freshening of the Arctic Ocean since the 1990s.