-
Article
Open AccessAus der Sektion Begutachtung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie in Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurowissenschaftliche Begutachtung (DGNB)
-
Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Zustandsbegutachtung bei psychischen und psychosomatischen Störungen
Basierend auf der aktuellen Leitlinie zur Begutachtung psychischer und psychosomatischer Störungen (AWMF-Register Nr. 051–029) sowie den Leitlinien für die sozialmedizinische Beurteilung bei psychischen und Ve...
-
Chapter
Assessment of Intracranial Collateral Pathways
The chapter describes the possibilities of recording the three most important collateral pathways in occlusive disease of the brain-supplying arteries: detection of an ophthalmic collateral by Doppler sonograp...
-
Chapter
Inflammatory Vascular Diseases
Ultrasound diagnostics in inflammatory vascular disease is of value in assessing the vascular wall with the accompanying flow changes. Of particular clinical importance is the diagnosis of temporal arteritis (...
-
Chapter
Other Vascular Diseases
This chapter summarizes the ultrasound findings on some vascular diseases, some of which are hereditary, which are not clearly arteriosclerotic or inflammatory in origin. In fibromuscular dysplasias, for examp...
-
Chapter
Diagnostics for Increased Cerebral Pressure and Cerebral Circulatory Arrest
Detection and measurement of increased intracranial pressure based on changes in pulsatility and flow velocity in the cerebral basal arteries were one of the first clinical applications of transcranial Doppler...
-
Chapter
Cardiac Right-Left Shunt
Transcranial contrast agent Doppler sonography is comparable to transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of a cardiac right-left shunt (patent foramen ovale). The examination method using a self-prod...
-
Chapter
Glossary of Sonographic Terms
The following compilation provides an overview of the most frequently used special terms in Doppler and duplex sonography.
-
Chapter
Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Transcranial Doppler sonography does not appear to be inferior to color coded duplex examination in many questions and is therefore still of clinical importance today. The various access routes to the basal ce...
-
Chapter
Cerebrovascular Reserve Capacity
The determination of cerebrovascular reserve capacity provides information about the (remaining) ability of the cerebral arterioles to adapt to changing blood pressure conditions by dilatation and constriction...
-
Chapter
Cerebral Vasospasms
The detection of vasospasms was the first application of transcranial Doppler sonography. Even today, the sonographic detection and control of vasospasms is still part of the treatment regime of subarachnoid h...
-
Chapter
Standard Values
The knowledge of standard values is the prerequisite for the definition of pathological findings. Especially from the beginning of Doppler and duplex sonographic diagnostics there are numerous studies available.
-
Chapter
Physiological Basics
This chapter describes the basics of cerebral hemodynamics including the underlying physical relationships. Terms such as autoregulation, flow velocity, flow volume and flow resistance are defined, including t...
-
Chapter
Basics of Sonographic Flow Detection
The Doppler effect describes the frequency shift that occurs when there is relative movement between a wave transmitter and receiver. Doppler-dependent examination techniques (Doppler and duplex sonography) us...
-
Chapter
Flow Assessment Using Color Coding
The chapter deals with the different techniques of color coded ultrasound imaging (velocity mode, power mode) including the corresponding adjustment parameters (e.g., “color window,” “color balance”) and discu...
-
Chapter
Stenoses and Occlusions of the Extracranial Carotid Artery
Stenoses of the extracranial carotid artery are mostly located directly at the carotid bifurcation or in the first 2–3 cm of the internal carotid artery. Accordingly, this area will receive the greatest attent...
-
Chapter
Stenoses and Occlusions in the Vertebrobasilar System
Although stenoses and occlusions of the vertebrobasilar arteries are less frequent than those in the anterior circulation, they contribute significantly to the development of cerebrovascular symptoms. Sonograp...
-
Chapter
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Acute Stroke
The importance of ultrasound in acute stroke has declined significantly due to the increasing availability and reliability of modern neuroradiological imaging modalities. The main advantage of color duplex son...
-
Chapter
Anatomical Basics
In this chapter, the anatomical features of the cerebral vessels are presented in so far as their knowledge is of importance for sonographic examinations. Special emphasis is placed on the description of stand...
-
Chapter
Basics of Ultrasound Technology
This chapter describes the physical principles of ultrasound diagnostics with the associated parameters such as transmission frequency, penetration depth, axial and lateral resolution, pulse repetition frequen...
