11 Result(s)
within
Chapter
**ao Rong
Biomedicine
Pain Medicine
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Chapter
Inflammation and Pain
Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or the infiltration of a foreign substance. The process is defined by five cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, loss of function, and pain. Because of ...
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Inflammatory Mediators, Nociceptors, and Their Interactions in Pain
Inflammation produces pro-inflammatory mediators for the induction of pain. These mediators include inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, lipids, and microRNAs. These inflammatory mediators bind respective re...
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Sex Differences in Pain with Emphasis on Neuroimmune Interactions
To date, the mechanisms underlying how neuroimmune interactions contribute to sex dimorphism of chronic pain remain elusive. Although women suffer from chronic pain at greater rates than men, the current mecha...
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Mechanisms-Based Pain Therapies
Chronic pain is a prevalent disease with high impact on public health and individual’s quality of life. Understanding the complex mechanisms and causes of pain is crucial for precise diagnosis, adequate manage...
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Animal Models of Pain and Anti-inflammatory Treatments
Animal models are critical to the field of pain research, both for the study of mechanisms and the testing of novel therapeutics. Unfortunately, many findings that appear promising in animals fail to translate...
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Immune and Glial Cells in Pain and Their Interactions with Nociceptive Neurons
While pain is sensed and conducted by neurons, including primary sensory neurons (nociceptors) and spinal cord pain transmission neurons, mounting evidence suggests that non-neuronal cells such as immune cells...
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Neuroimmune Interactions in Acute and Chronic Itch
Itch is a sensory experience of the skin that is familiar to all humans. Recent studies have established that the immune system and central and peripheral nervous systems engage in extensive interactions terme...
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Immunotherapy and Pain
Immunotherapy was initially developed as a method to treat cancer through the use of the host’s immune system. Now, immunotherapy is used as a treatment for a wide variety of diseases. The connection between t...
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Exercise and Diet in the Control of Inflammation and Pain
Lifestyle choices, such as exercise and diet, can play significant roles in mediating inflammation and consequently, pain. Functional medicine is an emerging medical specialty that focuses on lifestyle influen...
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Itch Control by Toll-Like Receptors
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are cellular sensors designed to recognize molecular danger signals associated with exogenous or endogenous threats. Their activation leads to initiation of the host’s immune respons...
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MAP Kinase and Cell Signaling in DRG Neurons and Spinal Microglia in Neuropathic Pain
Nerve injury is known to produce neuropathic pain by inducing changes not only in neurons such as primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), but also in non-neuronal cells such as microglia in ...
