Cysticercosis

A Potentially Fatal Neglected Disease Still Present in Develo** Countries

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

Abstract

Taenia solium cysticercosis affects both humans and pigs. It has been considered an eradicable disease, and yet its prevalence remains stable in most endemic countries, due to the persistence of risk factors usually associated with the marginalization of an important sector of the population. In this chapter we will review key aspects of its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

We Have the Knowledge, We Have the Tools, and Although the Epidemiological Situation Is Improving in Some Contexts, This Is Not Generalized, and Certainly Not Fast Enough

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adenuga A, Mateus A, Ty C, Borin K, Holl D, San S, Duggan V, Clark M, Smith GJD, Coker R, Vaughn A, Rudge JW (2017) Seroprevalence and awareness of porcine cysticercosis across different pig production systems in south-central Cambodia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 3:1–12

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Agapejev S (2011) Neurocysticercosis: the enigmatic disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 11:261–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agapejev S, Pouza AF, Bazan R, Faleiros AT (2007) Clinical and evolutive aspects of hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 65:674–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Allan JC, Craig PS, Garcia Noval J, Mencos F, Liu D, Wang Y, Wen H, Zhou P, Stringer R, Rogan M et al (1992) Coproantigen detection for immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis and taeniasis in dogs and humans. Parasitology 104:347–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allan JC, Velasquez-Tohom M, Fletes C, Torres-Alvarez R, Lopez-Virula G, Yurrita P, Soto de Alfaro H, Rivera A, Garcia-Noval J (1997) Mass chemotherapy for intestinal Taenia solium infection: effect on prevalence in humans and pigs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91:595–598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alsina GA, Johnson JP, McBride DQ, Rhoten PRL, Mehringer CM et al (2002) Spinal neurocysticercosis. Neurosurg Focus 12:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aluja AS (2008) Cysticercosis in pigs. Curr Top Med Chem 8:368–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Assana E, Kyngdon CT, Gauci CG, Geerts S, Dorny P, De Deken R, Anderson GA, Zoli AP, Lightowlers MW (2010) Elimination of Taenia solium transmission to pigs in a field trial of the HP6-TSOL18 vaccine in Cameroon. Int J Parasitol 40:515–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Assana E, Awah-Ndukum J, Djonmaïla JD, Zoli AP (2019) Prevalence of porcine Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena cysticercosis in Cameroon. Prev Vet Med 169:104690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104690

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benitez L, Garate T, Harrison LJ, Kirkham P, Brookes SM, Parkhouse RM (1996) Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding the principal 18 kDa secreted antigen of activated oncospheres of Taenia saginata. Mol Biochem Parasitol 78:265–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattarai R, Budke CM, Carabin H, Proaño JV, Flores-Rivera J, Corona T, Ivanek R, Snowden KF, Flisser A (2012) Estimating the non-monetary burden of neurocysticercosis in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1521

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattarai R, Carabin H, Budke C (2013) The burden of cysticercosis. In: Sibat HF (ed) Novel aspects on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. ISBN: 978-953-51-0956-3. InTech, Rijeka. https://doi.org/10.5772/51668. http://www.intechopen.com/books/novel-aspects-on-cysticercosis-andneurocysticercosis/the-burden-of-cysticercosis

  • Bhattarai R, Carabin H, Proaño JV, Flores-Rivera J, Corona T, Flisser A, León-Maldonado L, Budke CM (2019) The monetary burden of cysticercosis in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0007501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007501

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt JR, Geerts S, De Deken R et al (1992) A monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for the detection of circulating excretory-secretory antigens in Taenia saginata cysticercosis. Int J Parasitol 22:471–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulaya C, Mwape KE, Michelo C, Sikasunge CS, Makungu C, Gabriel S, Dorny P, Phiri IK (2015) Preliminary evaluation of Community-Led Total Sanitation for the control of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Katete District of Zambia. Vet Parasitol 207:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carabin H, Krecek RC, Cowan LD, Michael L, Foyaca-Sibat H, Nash T, Willingham AL (2006) Estimation of the cost of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Tropical Med Int Health 11:906–916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carabin H, Ndimubanzi PC, Budke CM, Nguyen H, Qian Y et al (2011) Clinical manifestations associated with neurocysticercosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e1152

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cárdenas G, Jung H, Ríos C, Fleury A, Soto-Hernández JL (2010) Severe cysticercal meningitis: clinical and imaging characteristics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82:121–125

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A (2002) Neurocysticercosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 2:751–762

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A, Escobar A, Hauser WA (1998) Epilepsy and cysticercosis: a critical review. Epilepsia 39:1025–1040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A, Kelvin E, Bagiella E, Leslie D, Leon P et al (2008) The effects of albendazole treatment on neurocysticercosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:1050–1055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A, Fleury A, Hauser WA (2013) Neurocysticercosis: five new things. Neurol Clin Pract 3:118–125

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A, Fleury A, Romo ML, Abraham R, Fandiño J, Durán JC, Cárdenas G, Moncayo J, Leite Rodrigues C, San-Juan D, Serrano-Dueñas M, Takayanagui O, Sander JW (2016) New diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: reliability and validity. Ann Neurol 80:434–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24732

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carpio A, Chang M, Zhang H, Romo ML, Jaramillo A, Hauser WA, Kelvin EA (2019) Exploring the complex associations over time among albendazole treatment, cyst evolution, and seizure outcomes in neurocysticercosis. Epilepsia 60:1820–1828. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carrillo Mezo R, Lara García J, Arroyo M, Fleury A (2015) Relevance of 3D magnetic resonance imaging sequences in diagnosing basal subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop 152:60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1993) Recommendations of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication. MMWRRecomm Rep 42:1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Chembensofu M, Mwape KE, Van Damme I, Hobbs E, Phiri IK, Masuku M, Zulu G, Colston A, Willingham AL, Devleesschauwer B, Van Hul A, Chota A, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dorny P, Gabriël S (2017) Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs. Parasit Vectors 10:572. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2520-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Copado BF, de Aluja AS, Mayagoitia L, Galindo F (2004) The behaviour of free ranging pigs in the Mexican tropics and its relationships with human faeces consumption. Appl Anim Behav Sci 88:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortez Alcobedes MM, Boggio G, Guerra Mde L, de Gavidia MR, Rojas Reyes GC, Ferrer E, Lares M, Alviarez Y, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM (2010) Evidence that active transmission of porcine cysticercosis occurs in Venezuela. Trop Anim Health Prod 42:531–537

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croker C, Reporter R, Mascola L (2010) Use of statewide hospital discharge data to evaluate the economic burden of neurocysticercosis in Los Angeles County (1991–2008). Am J Trop Med Hyg 83:106–110

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Croker C, Redelings M, Reporter R, Sorvillo F, Mascola L, Wilkins P (2012) The impact of neurocysticercosis in California: a review of hospitalized cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1480

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz M, Davis A, Dixon H, Pawlowski ZS, Proano J (1989) Operational studies on the control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Ecuador. Bull World Health Organ 67:401–407

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Del Brutto OH (2012) Neurocysticercosis in Western Europe: a re-emerging disease? Acta Neurol Belg 112:335–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Brutto OH, García HH (2012) Neurocysticercosis in non endemic countries: time for a reappraisal. Neuroepidemiology 39:145–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Brutto OH, Rajshekhar V, White AC Jr, Tsang VCW, Nash TE, Takayanagui OM et al (2001) Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Neurology 57:177–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diazgranados-Sánchez JA, Barrios-Arrázola G, Costa JL, Burbano-Pabon J, Pinzón-Bedoya J (2008) Ivermectin as a therapeutic alternative in neurocysticercosis that is resistant to conventional pharmacological treatment. Rev Neurol 46:671–674

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon HBF, Hargreaves WH (1944) Cysticercosis (Taenia solium) a further 10 years’ clinical study covering 284 cases. QJM 13:107–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Domke AV, Chartier C, Gjerde B, Höglund J, Leine N, Vatn S, Stuen S (2012) Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in Norway. Parasitol Res 111:185–193

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar A (1983) The pathology of neurocysticercosis. In: Palacios E, Rodriguez-Carbajal J, Taveras JM (eds) Cysticercosis of central nervous system. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp 27–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Eshitera EE, Githigia SM, Kitala P, Thomas LF, Fèvre EM, Harrison LJ, Mwihia EW, Otieno RO, Ojiambo F, Maingi N (2012) Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis and associated risk factors in Homa Bay District, Kenya. BMC Vet Res 8:234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Esquivel A, Diaz-Otero F, Gimenez-Roldan S (2005) Growing frequency of neurocysticercosis in Madrid (Spain). Neurologia 20:116–120

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Estañol B, Corona T, Abad P (1986) A prognostic classification of cerebral cysticercosis: therapeutic implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:1131–1134

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flecker RH, Pray IW, Santivaňez SJ, Ayvar V, Gamboa R, Muro C, Moyano LM, Benavides V, Garcia HH, O’Neal SE (2017) Assessing ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for porcine cysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005282. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005282

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury A, Dessein A, Preux PM, Dumas M, Tapia G, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2004) Symptomatic human neurocysticercosis – age, sex and exposure factors relating with disease heterogeneity. J Neurol 251:830–837

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury A, Hernández M, Avila M, Cárdenas G, Bobes RJ et al (2007) Detection of HP10 antigen in serum for diagnosis and follow-up of subarachnoidal and intraventricular human neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:970–974

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury A, Escobar A, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Larralde C (2010) Clinical heterogeneity of human neurocysticercosis results from complex interactions among parasite, host and environmental factors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104:243–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury A, Carrillo-Mezo R, Flisser A, Sciutto E, Corona T (2011) Subarachnoid basal neurocysticercosis: a focus on the most severe form of the disease. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 9:123–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleury A, Garcia E, Hernández M, Carrillo R, Govezensky T, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM (2013) Neurocysticercosis: HP10 antigen detection is useful for the follow-up of the severe patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2096

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ganaba R, Praet N, Carabin H, Millogo A, Tarnagda Z, Dorny P, Hounton S, Sow A, Nitiéma P, Cowan LD (2011) Factors associated with the prevalence of circulating antigens to porcine cysticercosis in three villages of Burkina faso. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5:e927

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia H, Pretell E, Gilman R, Martinez et al (2004) A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. N Engl J Med 350:249–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Moulton LH, Verastegui M, Rodriguez S, Gavidia C, Tsang VC, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2006) Combined human and porcine mass chemotherapy for the control of T. solium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74:850–855

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Rodriguez S, Gonzalvez G, Llanos-Zavalaga F, Tsang VC, Gilman RH (2010) Grupo de Trabajo en Cisticercosis en Perú. Epidemiology and control of cysticercosis in Peru. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 27:592–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia HH, Lescano AG, Gonzales I, Bustos JA, Pretell EJ, Horton J, Saavedra H, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2016) Cysticidal efficacy of combined treatment with Praziquantel and Albendazole for parenchymal brain cysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis 62:1375–1379. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Dominguez C, Correa D, Rabiela MT, Flisser A (1991) Praziquantel treatment of muscle Taenia solium cysticercosis. 4. Reversible in vitro effect. Parasitol Res 77:691–696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez AE, Cama V, Gilman RH, Tsang VC, Pilcher JB, Chavera A, Castro M, Montenegro T, Verastegui M, Miranda E et al (1990) Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Peru. Am J TropMed Hyg 43:194–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez AE, Falcon N, Gavidia C, Garcia HH, Tsang VC, Bernal T, Romero M, Gilman RH (1997) Treatment of porcine cysticercosis with oxfendazole: a dose-response trial. Vet Rec 141:420–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez AE, Bustos JA, Jimenez JA, Rodriguez ML, Ramirez MG, Gilman RH, Garcia HH, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2012) Efficacy of diverse antiparasitic treatments for cysticercosis in the pig model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87:292–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haby MM, Sosa Leon LA, Luciañez A, Nicholls RS, Reveiz L, Donadeu M (2020) Systematic review of the effectiveness of selected drugs for preventive chemotherapy for Taenia solium taeniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14:e0007873. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007873

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamamoto Filho PT, Singh G, Winkler AS, Carpio A, Fleury A (2020) Could differences in infection pressure be involved in cysticercosis heterogeneity? Trends Parasitol 36:826–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamamoto Filho PT, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Fleury A (2021) Inflammation in neurocysticercosis: clinical relevance and impact on treatment decisions. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2021.1912592

  • Hernández M, Astudillo OG, Diego G, de-la-Rosa-Arana JL, Meza-Lucas A, García-Rodea R, Romo ML, Toledo A, Parkhouse RM, Garate T, Sciutto E, Fleury A (2019) Immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis: comparative performance of serum diagnostic tests in Mexico. Parasitol Res 118:2891–2899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06425-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera GC, de Aluja AS, Méndez AR (2007) El uso de la ultrasonografía para el diagnóstico de la cisticercosis porcina. Rev Vet Méx 38:125–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Araujo D, Mikecz O, Pica-Ciamarra U (2020) Placing a monetary value on the human health component of zoonotic diseases: a methodological note with an application to cysticercosis in Africa. Prev Vet Med 175:104862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hotez PJ (2008) Forgotten people, forgotten diseases: the neglected tropical diseases and their impact on global health and development. ASM, Washington, p 218

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Huerta M, de Aluja AS, Fragoso G, Toledo A, Villalobos N, Hernandez M, Gevorkian G, Acero G, Diaz A, Alvarez I, Avila R, Beltran C, Garcia G, Martinez JJ, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2001) Synthetic peptide vaccine against Taenia solium pig cysticercosis: successful vaccination in a controlled field trial in rural Mexico. Vaccine 20:262–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayashi CM, Arroyo G, Lightowlers MW, García HH, Rodríguez S, Gonzalez AE (2012) Seroprevalence and risk factors for Taenia solium cysticercosis in rural pigs of northern Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1733

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jayashi CM, Gonzalez AE, Castillo Neyra R, Rodríguez S, García HH, Lightowlers MW, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2014) Validity of the Enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) for naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis. Vet Parasitol 199:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Mlangwa JED, Mkupasi EM, Braae UC, Trevisan C, Colston A, Cordel C, Lightowlers MW, Ngowi HA (2020) Performance of Ag-ELISA in the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 13:534. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04416-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Keilbach NM, de Aluja AS, Sarti GE (1989) Programme to control Taeniosis-cysticercosis (T. solium): experiences in a Mexican village. Acta Leiden 57:181–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelvin EA, Carpio A, Bagiella E, Leslie D, Leon P, Andrews H et al (2009) The association of host age and gender with inflammation around neurocysticercosis cysts. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103:487–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelvin EA, Carpio A, Bagiella E, Leslie D, Leon P et al (2011) Seizure in people with newly diagnosed active or transitional neurocysticercosis. Seizure 20:119–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khaing TA, Bawm S, Wai SS, Htut Y, Htun LL (2015) Epidemiological survey on porcine cysticercosis in Nay Pyi Taw Area, Myanmar. J Vet Med 2015:340828. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/340828. Epub 2015 Feb 26

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krecek RC, Mohammed H, Michael LM, Schantz PM, Ntanjana L, Morey L, WerreI SR, Willingham AL 3rd (2012) Risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. PLoS One 7:e37718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey E (1990) Mode of action of benzimidazoles. Parasitol Today 6:112–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larralde C, de Aluja AS (2006) Cisticercosis guía para profesionales de la salud. FCE, Secretaría de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, México

    Google Scholar 

  • Lescano AG, Pray IW, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH, VCW T, Gamboa R, Guezala MC, Aybar V, Rodriguez S, Moulton LH, Leontsini E, Gonzalvez G, O’Neal SE, Garcia HH, For The Cysticercosis Working Group In Peru (2019) Clustering of necropsy-confirmed porcine cysticercosis surrounding Taenia solium tapeworm carriers in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100:314–322. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leuckart R (1879) The parasites of man and the diseases which proceed from them. A textbook for students and practitioners [trans by WE Hoyle]. Young J Pentland, Edinburgh, p 771

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightowlers MW, Rolfe R, Gauci CG (1996) Taenia saginata: vaccination against cysticercosis in cattle with recombinant oncosphere antigens. Exp Parasitol 84:330–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucato LT, Guedes MS, Sato JR et al (2007) The role of conventional MR imaging sequences in the evaluation of neurocysticercosis: impact on characterization of the scolex and lesion burden. Am J Neuroradiol 28:1501–1504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Machado LR (2010) The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: a closed question? Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68:1–2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maganira JD, Mwang’onde BJ, Kidima W, Mwita CJ, Höglund J (2019) Seroprevalence of circulating taeniid antigens in pigs and associated risk factors in Kongwa district, Tanzania. Parasite Epidemiol Control 7:e00123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00123

  • Marcin Sierra M, Arroyo M, Cadena Torres M, Ramírez Cruz N, García Hernández F, Taboada D, Galicia Martínez Á, Govezensky T, Sciutto E, Toledo A, Fleury A (2017) Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis: demographic, clinicoradiological, and inflammatory features. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005646

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martins-Melo FR, Ramos AN Jr, Cavalcanti MG et al (2016) Neurocysticercosis-related mortality in Brazil, 2000–2011: epidemiology of a neglected neurologic cause of death. Acta Trop 153:128–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mkupasi EM, Sikasunge CS, Ngowi HA, Johansen MV (2013) Efficacy and safety of anthelmintics tested against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Molinari JL, Rodriguez D, Tato P, Soto R, Arechavaleta F, Solano S (1997) Field trial for reducing porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis in Mexico by systematic vaccination of pigs. Vet Parasitol 69:55–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monk EJM, Abba K, Ranganathan LN (2021) Anthelmintics for people with neurocysticercosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD000215. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000215.pub5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mont’Alverne Filho FE, Machado Ldos R, Lucato LT, Leite CC (2011) The role of 3D volumetric MR sequences in diagnosing intraventricular neurocysticercosis: preliminar results. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 69:74–78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales J, Martínez JJ, Garcia-Castella J, Peña N, Maza V, Villalobos N, Aluja AS, Fleury A, Fragoso G, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2006) Taenia solium: the complex interactions, of biological, social, geographical and commercial factors, involved in the transmission dynamics of pig cysticercosis in highly endemic areas. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100:123–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales J, Martínez JJ, Manoutcharian K, Hernández M, Fleury A, Gevorkian G, Acero G, Blancas A, Toledo A, Cervantes J, Maza V, Quet F, Bonnabau H, de Aluja AS, Fragoso G, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2008a) Inexpensive anti-cysticercosis vaccine: S3Pvac expressed in heat inactivated M13 filamentous phage proves effective against naturally acquired Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis. Vaccine 26:2899–2905

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales J, Martínez JJ, Rosetti M, Fleury A, Maza V, Hernandez M, Villalobos N, Fragoso G, deAluja AS, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2008b) Spatial distribution of Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis within a rural area of Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2:e284

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Morales J, de Aluja AS, Martínez JJ, Hernández M, Rosas G et al (2011) Recombinant S3Pvacphage anticysticercosis vaccine: simultaneous protection against cysticercosis and hydatid disease in rural pigs. Vet Parasitol 176:53–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD et al (2012) Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2197–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murrieta I, Flores X, Osorio R, Kuschick Feher J, Carrillo-Mezo R, Fleury A (2021) Natural history of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 15:traa174. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa174

  • Nash TE, O’Connell EM, Hammoud DA, Wetzler L, Ware JM, Mahanty S (2020) Natural history of treated subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102:78–89. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng-Nguyen D, Stevenson MA, Dorny P, Gabriël S, Vo TV, Nguyen VT, Phan TV, Hii SF, Traub RJ (2017) Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia Spp. in human stools. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11:e0005743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ng-Nguyen D, Noh J, Breen K, Stevenson MA, Handali S, Traub RJ (2018) The epidemiology of porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis in communities of the Central Highlands in Vietnam. Parasit Vectors 11:360. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2945-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ngowi HA, Carabin H, Kassuku AA, Mlozi MR, Mlangwa JE, Willingham AL 3rd (2008) A health-education intervention trial to reduce porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 85:52–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ngowi HA, Kassuku AA, Carabin H, Mlangwa JE, Mlozi MR, Mbilinyi BP, Willingham AL 3rd (2010) Spatial clustering of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e652

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngwing NA, Poné JW, Mbida M, Pagnah AZ, Njakoi H, Bilong CF (2012) A preliminary analysis of some epidemiological factors involved in porcine cysticercosis in Bafut and Santa subdivisions, North West Region of Cameroon. Asian Pac J Trop Med 5:814–817

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nsadha Z, Rutebarika C, Ayebazibwe C, Aloys B, Mwanja M, Poole EJ, Chesang E, Colston A, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW (2021) Control trial of porcine cysticercosis in Uganda using a combination of the TSOL18 vaccination and oxfendazole. Infect Dis Poverty 10:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00823-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nunes CM, Biondi GF, Heinemann MB, Richtzenhain LJ (2000) Comparative evaluation of an indirect ELISA test for diagnosis of swine cysticercosis employing antigen from Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps metacestodes. Vet Parasitol 93:135–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neal S, Noh J, Wilkins P, Keene W, Lambert W, Anderson J, Compton Luman J, Townes J (2011) Taenia solium tapeworm infection, Oregon, 2006–2009. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1030–1036

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neal SE, Moyano LM, Ayvar V, Gonzalvez G, Diaz A, Rodriguez S, Wilkins PP, Tsang VC, Gilman RH, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2012) Geographic correlation between tapeworm carriers and heavily infected cysticercotic pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1953

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neal SE, Flecker RH (2015) Hospitalization frequency and charges for neurocysticercosis, United States, 2003–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 21:969–976. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2106.141324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Osorio R, Carrillo-Mezo R, Romo ML, Toledo A, Matus C, González-Hernández I, Jung H, Fleury A (2019) Factors associated with cysticidal treatment response in extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. J Clin Pharmacol 59:548–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palomares-Alonso F, Toledo A, Palencia Hernández G, Jung-Cook H, Fleury A (2020) Effect of dexamethasone on albendazole cysticidal activity in experimental cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps in BALB/c mice: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Exp Parasitol 208:107801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107801

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson RD, Guerrant RL (1983) Praziquantel: a major advance in anthelminthic therapy. Ann Intern Med 99:195–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson RD, Hewlett EL (1985) Niclosamide therapy for tapeworm infections. Ann Intern Med 102:550–551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Torres S, Flores-Pérez FI, Orihuela A, Aguirre V, Bernal G, Nieto A, Vázquez R, Solano JJ (2012) Influence of tongue inspection during cysticercosis diagnosis on some behavioral and physiological stress measures in pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Trop Anim Health Prod 44:383–384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phiri IK, Dorny P, Gabriel S, Willingham AL 3rd, Sikasunge C, Siziya S, Vercruysse J (2006) Assessment of routine inspection methods for porcine cysticercosis in Zambian village pigs. J Helminthol 80:69–72. https://doi.org/10.1079/joh2005314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pondja A, Neves L, Mlangwa J, Afonso S, Fafetine J, Willingham AL 3rd, Thamsborg SM, Johansen MV (2010) Prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Angónia District, Mozambique. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e594

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Porphyre V, Betson M, Rabezanahary H, Mboussou Y, Zafindraibe NJ, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Costard S, Pfeiffer DU, Michault A (2016) Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar: comparison of immuno-diagnostic techniques and estimation of the prevalence in pork carcasses traded in Antananarivo city. Vet Parasitol 219:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poudel I, Sah K, Subedi S, Kumar Singh D, Kushwaha P, Colston A, Gauci CG, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW (2019) Implementation of a practical and effective pilot intervention against transmission of Taenia solium by pigs in the Banke district of Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13:e0006838. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006838

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Praet N, Speybroeck N, Manzanedo R, Berkvens D, NsameNforninwe D, Zoli A, Quet F, Preux PM, Carabin H, Geerts S (2009) The disease burden of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Cameroon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e406

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Praet N, Kanobana K, Kabwe C, Maketa V, Lukanu P, Lutumba P, Polman K, Matondo P, Speybroeck N, Dorny P, Sumbu J (2010) Taenia solium cysticercosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo: how does pork trade affect the transmission of the parasite? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e817

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Praet N, Verweij JJ, Mwape KE, Phiri IK, Muma JB, Zulu G, van Lieshout L, Rodriguez-Hidalgo R, Benitez-Ortiz W, Dorny P, Gabriël S (2013) Bayesian modelling to estimate the test characteristics of coprology, coproantigen ELISA and a novel real-time PCR for the diagnosis of taeniasis. Tropical Med Int Health 18:608–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash A, Kumar GS, Rout M, Nagarajan K, Kumar R (2007) Neurocysticercosis in free roaming pigs–a slaughterhouse survey. Trop Anim Health Prod 39:391–394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KN, Chawla S, Prasad A, Tripathi M, Husain N, Gupta RK (2006) Clinical signs for identification of neurocysticercosis in swine naturally infected with Taenia solium. Parasitol Int 55:151–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proaño-Narvaez JV, Meza-Lucas A, Mata-Ruiz O, García-Jerónimo RC, Correa D (2002) Laboratory diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis: double-blind comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electroimmunotransfer blot assay. J Clin Microbiol 40:2115–2118

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkotia Y, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Cornejo C, Garcia HH, Cysticercosis Working Group of Peru (2007) Economic burden of neurocysticercosis: results from Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101:840–846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramiandrasoa NS, Ravoniarimbinina P, Solofoniaina AR, Andrianjafy Rakotomanga IP, Andrianarisoa SH, Molia S, Labouche AM, Fahrion AS, Donadeu M, Abela-Ridder B, Rajaonatahina D (2020) Impact of a 3-year mass drug administration pilot project for taeniasis control in Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14:e0008653. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robles C, Chavarria M (1979) Presentación de un caso clínico de cisticercosis cerebral tratado medicamente con un nuevo farmaco: Praziquantel. Salud Publica Mex 21:603–618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues CL, de Andrade DC, Livramento JA, Machado LR, Abraham R et al (2012) Spectrum of cognitive impairment in neurocysticercosis: differences according to disease phase. Neurology 78:861–866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Hidalgo R, Benitez-Ortiz W, Praet N, Saa LR, Vercruysse J, Brandt J, Dorny P (2006) Taeniasis-cysticercosis in Southern Ecuador: assessment of infection status using multiple laboratory diagnostic tools. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101:779–782. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762006000700012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Royo Martínez R (1996) Hemograma de Cerdos Inoculados Experimentalmente con huevos de Taenia solium. Tesis de Licenciatura. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz S, García-Vázquez E, Picazo R, Hernández A, Herrero JA, Gómez J (2011) Neurocysticercosis in Murcia (Spain). Rev Clin Esp 211:133–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sáenz B, Ruíz-Garcia M, Jiménez E, Hernández-Aguilar J, Suastegui R et al (2006) Neurocysticercosis:clinical, radiologic, and inflammatory differences between children and adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:801–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez AL, Medina MT, Ljungström I (1998) Prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis in a population of urban residence in Honduras. Acta Trop 69:141–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santo AH (2007) Cysticercosis-related mortality in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1985–2004: a study using multiple causes of death. Cad Saude Publica 23:2917–2927

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarti E, Flisser A, Schantz PM, Gleizer M, Loya M, Plancarte A, Avila G, Allan J, Craig P, Bronfman M, Wijeyaratne P (1997) Development and evaluation of a health education intervention against Taenia solium in a rural community in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56:127–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarti E, Schantz PM, Avila G, Ambrosio J, Medina-Santillán R, Flisser A (2000) Mass treatment against human taeniasis for the control of cysticercosis: a population-based intervention study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94:85–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schantz PM, Moore AC, Muñoz JL, Hartman BJ, Schaefer JA, Aron AM, Persaud D, Sarti E, Wilson M, Flisser A (1992) Neurocysticercosis in an Orthodox Jewish community in New York City. N Engl J Med 327:692–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sciutto E, Martínez JJ, Villalobos NM, Hernández M, José MV, Beltrán C, Rodarte F, Flores I, Bobadilla JR, Fragoso G, Parkhouse ME, Harrison LJ, de Aluja AS (1998) Limitations of current diagnostic procedures for the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in rural pigs. Vet Parasitol 79:299–313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sciutto E, Fragoso G, Fleury A, Laclette JP, Sotelo J, Aluja A, Vargas L, Larralde C (2000) Taenia solium disease in humans and pigs: an ancient parasitosis disease rooted in develo** countries and emerging as a major health problem of global dimensions. Microbes Infect 2:1875–1890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serpa JA, Clinton White A Jr (2012) Neurocysticercosis in the United States. Pathog Glob Health 106:256–260

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shongwe NA, Byaruhanga C, Dorny P, Dermauw V, Qekwana DN (2020) Knowledge, practices and seroprevalence of Taenia species in smallholder farms in Gauteng, South Africa. PLoS One 15:e0244055. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shonyela SM, Mkupasi EM, Sikalizyo SC, Kabemba EM, Ngowi HA, Phiri I (2017) An epidemiological survey of porcine cysticercosis in Nyasa District, Ruvuma Region, Tanzania. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2017.09.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sikasunge CS, Phiri IK, Phiri AM, Siziya S, Dorny P, Willingham AL (2008) Prevalence of Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern, Southern and Western provinces of Zambia. Vet J 176:240–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh G (1997) Neurocysticercosis in South-Central America and the Indian subcontinent. A comparative evaluation. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 55:349–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh G, Rajshekhar V, Murthy JM, Prabhakar S, Modi M et al (2010) A diagnostic and therapeutic scheme for a solitary cysticercus granuloma. Neurology 75:2236–2245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AK, Singh SK, Prasad KN, Singh A, Bajpai A, Rahman M, Rai RP, Gupta RK, Tripathi M, Husain N (2013) Evaluation of ELISA, neck muscle, tongue and eyelid examinations for the diagnosis of swine cysticercosis in a highly endemic area of north India. Exp Parasitol 134:313–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BB, Khatkar MS, Gill JP, Dhand NK (2016) Data and the associated R code used to estimate health and economic burden of neurocysticercosis in India. Data Brief 7:571–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Somers R, Dorny P, Nguyen VK, Dang TC, Goddeeris B, Craig PS, Vercruysse J (2006) Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in three communities in north Vietnam. Tropical Med Int Health 11:65–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorvillo FJ, Portigal L, DeGiorgio C, Smith L, Waterman SH, Berlin GW, Ash LR (2004) Cysticercosis-related deaths, California. Emerg Infect Dis 10:465–469

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sorvillo FJ, DeGiorgio C, Waterman SH (2007) Deaths from cysticercosis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 13:230–235

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sreedevi C, Hafeez M, Kumar PA, Rayulu VC, Subramanyam KV, Sudhakar K (2012) PCR test for detecting Taenia solium cysticercosis in pig carcasses. Trop Anim Health Prod 44:95–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Suardita IK, Kepeng IN, Wandra T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Yanagida T, Sasaki M, Giraudoux P, Nakao M, Yoshida T, Eka Diarthini LP, Sudarmaja IM, Purba IE, Budke CM, Ito A (2016) Swine cysticercosis in the Karangasem district of Bali, Indonesia: an evaluation of serological screening methods. Acta Trop 163:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thienpont D, Rochette F, Vanparijs OFJ (1986) Diagnosing helminthiasis by coprological examination, 2nd edn. Janssens Research Foundation, Beerse, p 205

    Google Scholar 

  • Thys S, Mwape KE, Lefèvre P, Dorny P, Phiri AM, Marcotty T, Phiri IK, Gabriël S (2016) Why pigs are free-roaming: Communities’ perceptions, knowledge and practices regarding pig management and taeniosis/cysticercosis in a Taenia solium endemic rural area in Eastern Zambia. Vet Parasitol 225:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toledo A, Osorio R, Matus C, Martinez Lopez Y, Ramirez Cruz N, Sciutto E, Fragoso G, Arauz A, Carrillo-Mezo R, Fleury A (2018) Human Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis: the control of inflammation favors the host…but also the parasite. Front Immunol 9:2652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Corzo JG, Tapia-Perez JH, Vecchia RR et al (2010) Endoscopic management of hydrocephalus due to neurocysticercosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 112:11–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Townes JM, Hoffmann CJ, Kohn MA (2004) Neurocysticercosis in Oregon, 1995–2000. Emerg Infect Dis 10:508–510

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trevisan C, Mkupasi EM, Ngowi HA, Forkman B, Johansen MV (2016) Severe seizures in pigs naturally infected with Taenia solium in Tanzania. Vet Parasitol 220:67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trevisan C, Devleesschauwer B, Schmidt V, Winkler AS, Harrison W, Johansen MV (2017) The societal cost of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Tanzania. Acta Trop 165:141–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trevisan C, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, Pondja A, Assane YA, Dorny P, Thamsborg SM, Magnussen P, Johansen MV (2018) Assessment of the societal cost of Taenia solium in Angónia district, Mozambique. BMC Infect Dis 18:127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3030-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang VC, Brand JA, Boyer AE (1989) An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and glycoproteins antigens for diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium). J Infect Dis 174:1007–1009

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega R, Pinero D, Ramanankandrasana B, Dumas M, Bouteille B et al (2003) Population genetic structure of Taenia solium from Madagascar and Mexico: implications for clinical profile diversity and immunological technology. Int J Parasitol 33:1479–1485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waiswa C, Fèvre EM, Nsadha Z, Sikasunge CS, Willingham AL (2009) Porcine cysticercosis in Southeast Uganda: seroprevalence in Kamuli and Kaliro districts. J Parasitol Res 2009:375493. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/375493

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wandra T, Swastika K, Dharmawan NS, Purba IE, Sudarmaja IM, Yoshida T, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Eka Diarthini NL, Sri Laksemi DA, Yanagida T, Nakao M, Ito A (2015) The present situation and towards the prevention and control of neurocysticercosis on the tropical island, Bali, Indonesia. Parasit Vectors 8:148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0755-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheim HFL, Horby P, Woodall JP (2012) Cysticercosis. In Atlas of human infectious diseases, 1st edn. Blackwell, Oxford, p 137

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2007) Global plan to combat neglected tropical diseases 2008–2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Willingham AL 3rd, Wu HW, Conlan J, Satrija F (2010) Combating Taenia solium cysticercosis in Southeast Asia an opportunity for improving human health and livestock production. Adv Parasitol 72:235–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler AS, Richter H (2015) Landscape analysis: management of neurocysticercosis with an emphasis on low- and middle-income countries. Commissioned by the World Health Organization, Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/152896/1/WHO_HTM_NTD_NZD_2015.05_eng.pdf

  • Wohlgemut J, Dewey C, Levy M, Mutua F (2010) Evaluating the efficacy of teaching methods regarding prevention of human epilepsy caused by Taenia solium neurocysticercosis in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82:634–642

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Qian X, Huang Y, Hong Q (2012) A review of the control of clonorchiasis sinensis and Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in China. Parasitol Res 111:1879–1884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • **ao ZX, Zhao CY, Liu LP (1986) Albendazole treatment in cerebral cysticercosis. Chin J Int Med 25:100–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yap P, Fürst T, Müller I, Kriemler S, Utzinger J, Steinmann P (2012) Determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children. J Vis Exp 66:e3966

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Agnès Fleury .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Fleury, A., Sciutto, E., Toledo, A., de Aluja, A.S., Carpio, A. (2022). Cysticercosis. In: Sing, A. (eds) Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_13-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_13-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85877-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85877-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation