Abstract
The rational development of effective energy materials is crucial to the sustainable growth of society. Here, 3D hierarchical porous graphene (hpG)-based materials with micro-, meso-, and macroporous features have recently attracted extensive research efforts due to unique porosities, controllable synthesis, versatile functionalization, favorable mass/electron transport, and superior performances in which corresponding electrochemical performances are strongly dependent on the nature of the building blocks and structural hierarchy of the assemblies. In this review, recent achievements in the controllable synthesis, versatile functionalization, and device application of 3D hpG-based energy materials will be summarized, including controllable and facile synthesis through chemical vapor deposition on 3D porous templates, post-assembly/treatment of graphene oxide nanosheets, and templated polymerization. In addition, graphene material functionalization through heteroatom do**, spatially confined decoration of active nanoparticles, and surface hybridization of graphene-analogous components to enhance electrochemical properties will be discussed. Furthermore, applications of 3D hpG materials in various electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems will be summarized, including lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium metal anodes, oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and nitrogen reduction reaction. Overall, this review will comprehensively present the property advantages, design principles and synthesis strategies of 3D hpG-based energy materials and provide guidance in the development of various 2D graphene-analogous materials and nanomaterials for advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chu, S., Cui, Y., Liu, N.: The path towards sustainable energy. Nat. Mater. 16, 16–22 (2017)
Goodenough, J.B., Park, K.S.: The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 1167–1176 (2013)
Peng, H.J., Huang, J.Q., Zhang, Q.: A review of flexible lithium-sulfur and analogous alkali metal-chalcogen rechargeable batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 5237–5288 (2017)
Lu, J., Chen, Z., Pan, F., et al.: High-performance anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 1, 35–53 (2018)
Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Jaroniec, M.T., et al.: Design of electrocatalysts for oxygen- and hydrogen-involving energy conversion reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2060–2086 (2015)
Tang, C., Wang, H.F., Zhang, Q.: Multiscale principles to boost reactivity in gas-involving energy electrocatalysis. Acc. Chem. Res. 51, 881–889 (2018)
Han, J., Wei, W., Zhang, C., et al.: Engineering graphenes from the nano- to the macroscale for electrochemical energy storage. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 1, 139–168 (2018)
Hu, C., **ao, Y., Zou, Y., et al.: Carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysis for energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental protection. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 1, 84–112 (2018)
Mao, J.J., Iocozzia, J., Huang, J.Y., et al.: Graphene aerogels for efficient energy storage and conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 772–799 (2018)
Zhang, C., Nicolosi, V.: Graphene and MXene-based transparent conductive electrodes and supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater. 16, 102–125 (2019)
Tang, C., Titirici, M.M., Zhang, Q.: A review of nanocarbons in energy electrocatalysis: multifunctional substrates and highly active sites. J. Energy Chem. 26, 1077–1093 (2017)
Zhang, X.Q., Cheng, X.B., Zhang, Q.: Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: a review. J. Energy Chem. 25, 967–984 (2016)
Wang, B., Cui, X., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Recent advances in energy chemistry of precious-metal-free catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis. Chin. Chem. Lett. 29, 1757–1767 (2018)
Kong, L., Yan, C., Huang, J.Q., et al.: A review of advanced energy materials for magnesium-sulfur batteries. Energy Environ. Mater. 1, 100–112 (2018)
Li, B.Q., **a, Z.J., Zhang, B.S., et al.: Regulating p-block metals in perovskite nanodots for efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 8, 934 (2017)
Liu, X., Huang, J.Q., Zhang, Q., et al.: Nanostructured metal oxides and sulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 29, 1601759 (2017)
Qiao, M., Tang, C., Tanase, L.C., et al.: Oxygenophilic ionic liquids promote the oxygen reduction reaction in pt-free carbon electrocatalysts. Mater. Horiz. 4, 895–899 (2017)
Wang, H.F., Chen, R.X., Feng, J.Y., et al.: Freestanding non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions. ChemElectroChem 5, 1786–1804 (2018)
Ferrari, A.C., Bonaccorso, F., Fal’ko, V., et al.: Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. Nanoscale 7, 4598–4810 (2015)
Novoselov, K.S., Fal’ko, V.I., Colombo, L., et al.: A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490, 192–200 (2012)
Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Morozov, S.V., et al.: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666–669 (2004)
Dong, Y.F., Wu, Z.S., Ren, W.C., et al.: Graphene: a promising 2D material for electrochemical energy storage. Sci. Bull. 62, 724–740 (2017)
Zhang, J.T., **a, Z.H., Dai, L.M.: Carbon-based electrocatalysts for advanced energy conversion and storage. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500564 (2015)
Zhang, H., Chhowalla, M., Liu, Z.F.: 2D nanomaterials: graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 3015–3017 (2018)
Yusoff, A.B., Dai, L.M., Cheng, H.M., et al.: Graphene based energy devices. Nanoscale 7, 6881–6882 (2015)
Su, D.S., Centi, G.: A perspective on carbon materials for future energy application. J. Energy Chem. 22, 151–173 (2013)
Lang, J.W., Zhang, X., Liu, B., et al.: The roles of graphene in advanced Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors. J. Energy Chem. 27, 43–56 (2018)
Hou, P.X., Du, J.H., Liu, C., et al.: Applications of carbon nanotubes and graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition. MRS Bull. 42, 825–833 (2017)
Park, J., Cho, Y.S., Sung, S.J., et al.: Characteristics tuning of graphene-oxide-based-graphene to various end-uses. Energy Storage Mater. 14, 8–21 (2018)
Yu, X.W., Cheng, H.H., Zhang, M., et al.: Graphene-based smart materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17046 (2017)
Raccichini, R., Varzi, A., Passerini, S., et al.: The role of graphene for electrochemical energy storage. Nat. Mater. 14, 271–279 (2015)
El-Kady, M.F., Shao, Y.L., Kaner, R.B.: Graphene for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16033 (2016)
Liu, X., Dai, L.: Carbon-based metal-free catalysts. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16064 (2016)
Morozov, S.V., Novoselov, K.S., Katsnelson, M.I., et al.: Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 016602 (2008)
Bolotin, K.I., Sikes, K.J., Jiang, Z., et al.: Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun. 146, 351–355 (2008)
Balandin, A.A., Ghosh, S., Bao, W.Z., et al.: Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 902–907 (2008)
Liu, F., Ming, P.M., Li, J.: Ab initio calculation of ideal strength and phonon instability of graphene under tension. Phys. Rev. B 76, 064120 (2007)
Han, S., Wu, D., Li, S., et al.: Porous graphene materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. Adv. Mater. 26, 849–864 (2014)
Li, Y., Fu, Z.-Y., Su, B.-L.: Hierarchically structured porous materials for energy conversion and storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 4634–4667 (2012)
Lv, W., Li, Z.J., Deng, Y.Q., et al.: Graphene-based materials for electrochemical energy storage devices: opportunities and challenges. Energy Storage Mater. 2, 107–138 (2016)
Yao, X., Zhao, Y.L.: Three-dimensional porous graphene networks and hybrids for lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Chem 2, 171–200 (2017)
Chen, K.N., Wang, Q.R., Niu, Z.Q., et al.: Graphene-based materials for flexible energy storage devices. J. Energy Chem. 27, 12–24 (2018)
Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Tang, C., et al.: Atomic modulation and structure design of carbons for bifunctional electrocatalysis in metal-air batteries. Adv. Mater. 30, 1803800 (2018)
Qiu, L., Li, D., Cheng, H.M.: Structural control of graphene-based materials for unprecedented performance. ACS Nano 12, 5085–5092 (2018)
Kim, Y.A., Hayashi, T., Kim, J.H., et al.: Important roles of graphene edges in carbon-based energy storage devices. J. Energy Chem. 22, 183–194 (2013)
Sheng, L.Z., Liang, S.C., Wei, T., et al.: Space-confinement of MnOnanosheets in densely stacked graphene: ultra-high volumetric capacity and rate performance for lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 12, 94–102 (2018)
Su, Y.Z., Liu, Y.X., Liu, P., et al.: Compact coupled graphene and porous polyaryltriazine-derived frameworks as high performance cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 1812–1816 (2015)
Fan, X.L., Chen, X.L., Dai, L.M.: 3D graphene based materials for energy storage. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 20, 429–438 (2015)
Chen, K., Sun, Z.H., Fang, R.P., et al.: Development of graphene-based materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. Acta Phys-Chim. Sin. 34, 377–390 (2018)
Yu, M.P., Li, R., Wu, M.M., et al.: Graphene materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 1, 51–73 (2015)
Wu, R., Chen, S.G., Deng, J.H., et al.: Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon as cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 27, 1661–1667 (2018)
Fang, R.P., Zhao, S.Y., Pei, S.F., et al.: Toward more reliable lithium-sulfur batteries: an all-graphene cathode structure. ACS Nano 10, 8676–8682 (2016)
Zheng, S.H., Wu, Z.S., Wang, S., et al.: Graphene-based materials for high-voltage and high-energy asymmetric supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater. 6, 70–97 (2017)
Zhang, W.L., Xu, C., Ma, C.Q., et al.: Nitrogen-superdoped 3D graphene networks for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 29, 1701677 (2017)
Zhang, K., Yang, X.W., Li, D.: Engineering graphene for high-performance supercapacitors: enabling role of colloidal chemistry. J. Energy Chem. 27, 1–5 (2018)
Yang, Q.Y., Xu, Z., Gao, C.: Graphene fiber based supercapacitors: strategies and perspective toward high performances. J. Energy Chem. 27, 6–11 (2018)
Xu, B., Wang, H.R., Zhu, Q.Z., et al.: Reduced graphene oxide as a multi-functional conductive binder for supercapacitor electrodes. Energy Storage Mater. 12, 128–136 (2018)
Wu, P.W., He, J., Chen, L.L., et al.: Few-layered graphene via gas-driven exfoliation for enhanced supercapacitive performance. J. Energy Chem. 27, 1509–1515 (2018)
Wu, H., Zhang, Y.N., Cheng, L.F., et al.: Graphene based architectures for electrochemical capacitors. Energy Storage Mater. 5, 8–32 (2016)
Wang, S., Wu, Z.S., Zheng, S.H., et al.: Scalable fabrication of photochemically reduced graphene-based monolithic micro-supercapacitors with superior energy and power densities. ACS Nano 11, 4283–4291 (2017)
Shi, X.Y., Zheng, S.H., Wu, Z.S., et al.: Recent advances of graphene-based materials for high-performance and new-concept supercapacitors. J. Energy Chem. 27, 25–42 (2018)
Wang, Q., Yan, J., Dong, Z.L., et al.: Densely stacked bubble-pillared graphene blocks for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater. 1, 42–50 (2015)
Yang, Z., Tian, J., Yin, Z., et al.: Carbon nanotube- and graphene-based nanomaterials and applications in high-voltage supercapacitor: a review. Carbon 141, 467–480 (2019)
Tian, J., Yang, Z., Yin, Z., et al.: Perspective to the potential use of graphene in Li-ion battery and supercapacitor. Chem. Rec. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201800090
Wang, H.F., Tang, C., Zhang, Q.: A review of precious-metal-free bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts: rational design and applications in Zn–air batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1803329 (2018)
Wang, H.F., Tang, C., Wang, B., et al.: Defect-rich carbon fiber electrocatalysts with porous graphene skin for flexible solid-state zinc-air batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 15, 124–130 (2018)
Tu, Y.C., Deng, D.H., Bao, X.H.: Nanocarbons and their hybrids as catalysts for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. J. Energy Chem. 25, 957–966 (2016)
Li, B.Q., Zhang, S.Y., Wang, B., et al.: A porphyrin covalent organic framework cathode for flexible Zn–air batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 1723–1729 (2018)
Qin, L., Zhai, D.Y., Lv, W., et al.: Dense graphene monolith oxygen cathodes for ultrahigh volumetric energy densities. Energy Storage Mater. 9, 134–139 (2017)
Wang, Y.J., Fang, B., Zhang, D., et al.: A review of carbon-composited materials as air-electrode bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 1, 1–34 (2018)
Liu, L.Z., Zeng, G., Chen, J.X., et al.: N-doped porous carbon nanosheets as pH-universal ORR electrocatalyst in various fuel cell devices. Nano Energy 49, 393–402 (2018)
Higgins, D., Zamani, P., Yu, A.P., et al.: The application of graphene and its composites in oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: a perspective and review of recent progress. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 357–390 (2016)
Dai, L.M., Xue, Y.H., Qu, L.T., et al.: Metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Rev. 115, 4823–4892 (2015)
Dai, L.M.: Carbon-based catalysts for metal-free electrocatalysis. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 4, 18–25 (2017)
Duan, J.J., Chen, S., Jaroniec, M., et al.: Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for energy-relevant electrocatalytic processes. ACS Catal. 5, 5207–5234 (2015)
Zhang, J.T., Dai, L.M.: Nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine tri-doped graphene as a multifunctional catalyst for self-powered electrochemical water splitting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 13296–13300 (2016)
Wang, X., Vasileff, A., Jiao, Y., et al.: Electronic and structural engineering of carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts for water splitting. Adv. Mater. 30, 1803625 (2018)
Vasileff, A., Chen, S., Qiao, S.Z.: Three dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene hydrogels with in situ deposited cobalt phosphate nanoclusters for efficient oxygen evolution in a neutral electrolyte. Nanoscale Horiz. 1, 41–44 (2016)
Hu, C.G., Dai, L.M.: Multifunctional carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts for simultaneous oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution. Adv. Mater. 29, 1604942 (2017)
Wang, B., Tang, C., Wang, H.F., et al.: Anion-regulated hydroxysulfide monoliths as oer/orr/her electrocatalysts and their applications in self-powered electrochemical water splitting. Small Methods 2, 1800055 (2018)
Guo, X.T., Zheng, S.S., Zhang, G.X., et al.: Nanostructured graphene-based materials for flexible energy storage. Energy Storage Mater. 9, 150–169 (2017)
Wen, L., Li, F., Cheng, H.M.: Carbon nanotubes and graphene for flexible electrochemical energy storage: from materials to devices. Adv. Mater. 28, 4306–4337 (2016)
Shi, Y., Wen, L., Zhou, G.M., et al.: Graphene-based integrated electrodes for flexible lithium ion batteries. 2D Mater. 2, 024004 (2015)
Lu, C., Li, Z.Z., Yu, L.H., et al.: Nanostructured Bi2S3 encapsulated within three-dimensional N-doped graphene as active and flexible anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Nano Res. 11, 4614–4626 (2018)
Wang, K.L., Zheng, B.C., Shrestha, M., et al.: Magnetically enhanced plasma exfoliation of polyaniline-modified graphene for flexible solid-state supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater. 14, 230–237 (2018)
Liu, X.B., Zou, S.A., Liu, K.X., et al.: Highly compressible three-dimensional graphene hydrogel for foldable all-solid-state supercapacitor. J. Power Sources 384, 214–222 (2018)
Song, W.L., Li, X.G., Fan, L.Z.: Biomass derivative/graphene aerogels for binder-free supercapacitors. Energy Storage Mater. 3, 113–122 (2016)
Xu, Y., Shi, G., Duan, X.: Self-assembled three-dimensional graphene macrostructures: synthesis and applications in supercapacitors. Acc. Chem. Res. 48, 1666–1675 (2015)
Cong, H.P., Chen, J.F., Yu, S.H.: Graphene-based macroscopic assemblies and architectures: an emerging material system. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 7295–7325 (2014)
Ma, Y., Chen, Y.: Three-dimensional graphene networks: synthesis, properties and applications. Nat. Sci. Rev. 2, 40–53 (2015)
Shao, Y.L., El-Kady, M.F., Wang, L.J., et al.: Graphene-based materials for flexible supercapacitors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 3639–3665 (2015)
Cao, X.H., Yin, Z.Y., Zhang, H.: Three-dimensional graphene materials: preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1850–1865 (2014)
Chabot, V., Higgins, D., Yu, A., et al.: A review of graphene and graphene oxide sponge: material synthesis and applications to energy and the environment. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1564–1596 (2014)
Luo, B., Zhi, L.J.: Design and construction of three dimensional graphene-based composites for lithium ion battery applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 456–477 (2015)
Wu, Q., Yang, L.J., Wang, X.Z., et al.: From carbon-based nanotubes to nanocages for advanced energy conversion and storage. Acc. Chem. Res. 50, 435–444 (2017)
Olszowska, K., Pang, J.B., Wrobel, P.S., et al.: Three-dimensional nanostructured graphene: synthesis and energy, environmental and biomedical applications. Synthetic. Met. 234, 53–85 (2017)
Mao, S., Lu, G.H., Chen, J.H.: Three-dimensional graphene-based composites for energy applications. Nanoscale 7, 6924–6943 (2015)
**a, X.H., Chao, D.L., Zhang, Y.Q., et al.: Three-dimensional graphene and their integrated electrodes. Nano Today 9, 785–807 (2014)
Wang, Z., Gao, H., Zhang, Q., et al.: Recent advances in 3D graphene architectures and their composites for energy storage applications. Small 15, 1803858 (2019)
Chen, K.F., Song, S.Y., Liu, F., et al.: Structural design of graphene for use in electrochemical energy storage devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 6230–6257 (2015)
Su, F.Y., Tang, R., He, Y.B., et al.: Graphene conductive additives for lithium ion batteries: origin, progress and prospect. Chin. Sci. Bull. 62, 3743–3756 (2017)
Su, F.Y., He, Y.B., Li, B.H., et al.: Could graphene construct an effective conducting network in a high-power lithium ion battery? Nano Energy 1, 429–439 (2012)
Zhang, L., Zhang, F., Yang, X., et al.: Porous 3D graphene-based bulk materials with exceptional high surface area and excellent conductivity for supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 3, 1408 (2013)
Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Davey, K., et al.: Activity origin and catalyst design principles for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution on heteroatom-doped graphene. Nat. Energy 1, 16130 (2016)
Tang, C., Wang, H.S., Wang, H.F., et al.: Spatially confined hybridization of nanometer-sized NiFe hydroxides into nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks leading to superior oxygen evolution reactivity. Adv. Mater. 27, 4516–4522 (2015)
Tang, C., Zhong, L., Zhang, B.S., et al.: 3D mesoporous van der waals heterostructures for trifunctional energy electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705110 (2018)
Ren, W.C., Cheng, H.M.: The global growth of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 726–730 (2014)
Zhu, Y.W., Murali, S., Cai, W.W., et al.: Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22, 3906–3924 (2010)
Lin, L., Deng, B., Sun, J.Y., et al.: Bridging the gap between reality and ideal in chemical vapor deposition growth of graphene. Chem. Rev. 118, 9281–9343 (2018)
Cai, Z.Y., Liu, B.L., Zou, X.L., et al.: Chemical vapor deposition growth and applications of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Chem. Rev. 118, 6091–6133 (2018)
Li, X., Cai, W., An, J., et al.: Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324, 1312–1314 (2009)
Zhang, Y., Zhang, L.Y., Zhou, C.W.: Review of chemical vapor deposition of graphene and related applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 2329–2339 (2013)
Deng, B., Liu, Z., Peng, H.: Toward mass production of CVD graphene films. Adv. Mater. 30, 1800996 (2018)
Li, X., Cai, W., Colombo, L., et al.: Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Lett. 9, 4268–4272 (2009)
Yan, K., Fu, L., Peng, H., et al.: Designed CVD growth of graphene via process engineering. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 2263–2274 (2013)
Chen, Z., Ren, W., Gao, L., et al.: Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition. Nat. Mater. 10, 424–428 (2011)
Bi, H., Huang, F.Q., Liang, J., et al.: Large-scale preparation of highly conductive three dimensional graphene and its applications in cdte solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 17366–17370 (2011)
Tang, B., Hu, G., Gao, H., et al.: Three-dimensional graphene network assisted high performance dye sensitized solar cells. J. Power Sources 234, 60–68 (2013)
Tang, Y., Huang, F., Bi, H., et al.: Highly conductive three-dimensional graphene for enhancing the rate performance of LiFePO4 cathode. J. Power Sources 203, 130–134 (2012)
Van Hoa, N., Lamiel, C., Shim, J.-J.: Mesoporous 3D graphene@NiCo2O4 arrays on nickel foam as electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. Mater. Lett. 170, 105–109 (2016)
Li, N., Chen, Z.P., Ren, W.C., et al.: Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 17360–17365 (2012)
**ehong, C., Yumeng, S., Wenhui, S., et al.: Preparation of novel 3D graphene networks for supercapacitor applications. Small 7, 3163–3168 (2011)
Azimirad, R., Safa, S.: Preparation of three dimensional graphene foam-WO3 nanocomposite with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Mater. Chem. Phys. 162, 686–691 (2015)
Xue, Y., Yu, D., Dai, L., et al.: Three-dimensional B, N-doped graphene foam as a metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 12220–12226 (2013)
Dong, X., Wang, X., Wang, L., et al.: 3D graphene foam as a monolithic and macroporous carbon electrode for electrochemical sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4, 3129–3133 (2012)
Feng, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, J., et al.: Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene as an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine. Nanoscale 7, 2427–2432 (2015)
Chen, Z.P., Xu, C., Ma, C.Q., et al.: Lightweight and flexible graphene foam composites for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Adv. Mater. 25, 1296–1300 (2013)
Shan, C.S., Tang, H., Wong, T.L., et al.: Facile synthesis of a large quantity of graphene by chemical vapor deposition: an advanced catalyst carrier. Adv. Mater. 24, 2491–2495 (2012)
Chen, Z.P., Ren, W.C., Liu, B.L., et al.: Bulk growth of mono- to few-layer graphene on nickel particles by chemical vapor deposition from methane. Carbon 48, 3543–3550 (2010)
Li, W., Gao, S., Wu, L., et al.: High-density three-dimension graphene macroscopic objects for high-capacity removal of heavy metal ions. Sci. Rep. 3, 2125 (2013)
Zhang, Q.F., Wang, L.L., Wang, J., et al.: Low-temperature synthesis of edge-rich graphene paper for high-performance aluminum batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 15, 361–367 (2018)
Sha, J., Gao, C., Lee, S.K., et al.: Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foams using powder metallurgy templates. ACS Nano 10, 1411–1416 (2016)
Drieschner, S., Weber, M., Wohlketzetter, J., et al.: High surface area graphene foams by chemical vapor deposition. 2D Mater. 3, 045013 (2016)
Zhang, L., DeArmond, D., Alvarez, N.T., et al.: Beyond graphene foam, a new form of three-dimensional graphene for supercapacitor electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 1876–1886 (2016)
Ito, Y., Tanabe, Y., Sugawara, K., et al.: Three-dimensional porous graphene networks expand graphene-based electronic device applications. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 6024–6033 (2018)
Ito, Y., Qiu, H.J., Fujita, T., et al.: Bicontinuous nanoporous N-doped graphene for the oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 26, 4145–4150 (2014)
Ito, Y., Tanabe, Y., Qiu, H.J., et al.: High-quality three-dimensional nanoporous graphene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 4822–4826 (2014)
Ito, Y., Cong, W., Fujita, T., et al.: High catalytic activity of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped nanoporous graphene in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 2131–2136 (2015)
Tanabe, Y., Ito, Y., Sugawara, K., et al.: Electric properties of dirac fermions captured into 3D nanoporous graphene networks. Adv. Mater. 28, 10304–10310 (2016)
Fujita, T., Qian, L.H., Inoke, K., et al.: Three-dimensional morphology of nanoporous gold. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 251902 (2008)
Fujita, T., Okada, H., Koyama, K., et al.: Unusually small electrical resistance of three-dimensional nanoporous gold in external magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 166601 (2008)
Di Bernardo, I., Avvisati, G., Mariani, C., et al.: Two-dimensional hallmark of highly interconnected three-dimensional nanoporous graphene. ACS Omega 2, 3691–3697 (2017)
Qin, K.Q., Liu, E.Z., Li, J.J., et al.: Free-standing 3D nanoporous duct-like and hierarchical nanoporous graphene films for micron-level flexible solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600755 (2016)
Qin, K., Kang, J., Li, J., et al.: Continuously hierarchical nanoporous graphene film for flexible solid-state supercapacitors with excellent performance. Nano Energy 24, 158–164 (2016)
Rummeli, M.H., Kramberger, C., Gruneis, A., et al.: On the graphitization nature of oxides for the formation of carbon nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 19, 4105–4107 (2007)
Rummeli, M.H., Schaffel, F., Bachmatiuk, A., et al.: Oxide catalysts for carbon nanotube and few layer graphene formation. Phys. Status Solidi B 246, 2530–2533 (2009)
Rummeli, M.H., Bachmatiuk, A., Scott, A., et al.: Direct low-temperature nanographene CVD synthesis over a dielectric insulator. ACS Nano 4, 4206–4210 (2010)
Scott, A., Dianat, A., Borrnert, F., et al.: The catalytic potential of high-κ dielectrics for graphene formation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 073110 (2011)
Ning, G.Q., Fan, Z.J., Wang, G., et al.: Gram-scale synthesis of nanomesh graphene with high surface area and its application in supercapacitor electrodes. Chem. Commun. 47, 5976–5978 (2011)
Zhang, Q., Huang, J.Q., Zhao, M.Q., et al.: Carbon nanotube mass production: principles and processes. ChemSusChem 4, 864–889 (2011)
Ma, X., Ning, G., Qi, C., et al.: Phosphorus and nitrogen dual-doped few-layered porous graphene: a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6, 14415–14422 (2014)
Fan, Z., Liu, Y., Yan, J., et al.: Template-directed synthesis of pillared-porous carbon nanosheet architectures: high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 2, 419–424 (2012)
Jia, X., Zhang, G., Wang, T., et al.: Monolithic nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks as ultrahigh-rate anodes for lithium ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 15738–15744 (2015)
Wang, H.F., Tang, C., Zhang, Q.: Template growth of nitrogen-doped mesoporous graphene on metal oxides and its use as a metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Catal. Today 301, 25–31 (2018)
**e, K., Qin, X., Wang, X., et al.: Carbon nanocages as supercapacitor electrode materials. Adv. Mater. 24, 347–352 (2012)
Lyu, Z., Xu, D., Yang, L., et al.: Hierarchical carbon nanocages confining high-loading sulfur for high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries. Nano Energy 12, 657–665 (2015)
Zhao, J., Lai, H., Lyu, Z., et al.: Hydrophilic hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages for ultrahigh supercapacitive performance. Adv. Mater. 27, 3541–3545 (2015)
Chen, S., Bi, J., Zhao, Y., et al.: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 24, 5593–5597 (2012)
Cui, C., Qian, W., Yu, Y., et al.: Highly electroconductive mesoporous graphene nanofibers and their capacitance performance at 4 V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 2256–2259 (2014)
Jia, X.L., Lu, Y.F., Wei, F.: Confined growth of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles in nitrogen-doped mesoporous graphene fibers for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes. Nano Res. 9, 230–239 (2016)
Tian, J., Cui, C., Zheng, C., et al.: Mesoporous tubular graphene electrode for high performance supercapacitor. Chinese Chem. Lett. 29, 599–602 (2018)
Tian, J., Cui, C., **e, Q., et al.: EMIMBF4–GBL binary electrolyte working at − 70 °C and 3.7 V for a high performance graphene-based capacitor. J. Mater. Chem. A 6, 3593–3601 (2018)
Zheng, Z.M., Guo, H.C., Pei, F., et al.: High sulfur loading in hierarchical porous carbon rods constructed by vertically oriented porous graphene-like nanosheets for Li–S batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 8952–8959 (2016)
Tang, C., Li, B.Q., Zhang, Q., et al.: CaO-templated growth of hierarchical porous graphene for high-power lithium-sulfur battery applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 577–585 (2016)
Xu, B., Peng, L., Wang, G., et al.: Easy synthesis of mesoporous carbon using nano-CaCO3 as template. Carbon 48, 2377–2380 (2010)
Zhao, C., Wang, W., Yu, Z., et al.: Nano-CaCO3 as template for preparation of disordered large mesoporous carbon with hierarchical porosities. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 976–980 (2010)
Shi, L., Chen, K., Du, R., et al.: Scalable seashell-based chemical vapor deposition growth of three-dimensional graphene foams for oil-water separation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 6360–6363 (2016)
Chen, K., Li, C., Chen, Z., et al.: Bioinspired synthesis of CVD graphene flakes and graphene-supported molybdenum sulfide catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Res. 9, 249–259 (2016)
Shlyakhova, E.V., Bulusheva, L.G., Kanygin, M.A., et al.: Synthesis of nitrogen-containing porous carbon using calcium oxide nanoparticles. Phys. Status Solidi B 251, 2607–2612 (2014)
Xu, B., Zheng, D., Jia, M., et al.: Nano-CaO templated carbon by CVD: from nanosheets to nanocages. Mater. Lett. 143, 159–162 (2015)
Zhou, M., Lin, T., Huang, F., et al.: Highly conductive porous graphene/ceramic composites for heat transfer and thermal energy storage. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 2263–2269 (2013)
Tian, M., Wang, W., Liu, Y., et al.: A three-dimensional carbon nano-network for high performance lithium ion batteries. Nano Energy 11, 500–509 (2015)
Xue, Y.H., Ding, Y., Niu, J.B., et al.: Rationally designed graphene-nanotube 3D architectures with a seamless nodal junction for efficient energy conversion and storage. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400198 (2015)
Bi, H., Chen, I.W., Lin, T., et al.: A new tubular graphene form of a tetrahedrally connected cellular structure. Adv. Mater. 27, 5943–5949 (2015)
Strubel, P., Thieme, S., Biemelt, T., et al.: ZnOhard templating for synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons with tailored porosity and high performance in lithium-sulfur battery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 287–297 (2015)
Chen, K., Zhang, F., Sun, J.Y., et al.: Growth of defect-engineered graphene on manganese oxides for Li-ion storage. Energy Storage Mater. 12, 110–118 (2018)
Min, K.A., Park, J., Ryou, J., et al.: Polar oxide substrates for graphene growth: a first-principles investigation of graphene on MgO(111). Curr. Appl. Phys. 13, 803–807 (2013)
Kelber, J.A., Gaddam, S., Vamala, C., et al.: Direct graphene growth on MgO(111) by physical vapor deposition: interfacial chemistry and band gap formation. Spintronics Iv 8100, 81000Y (2011)
Zhao, M.Q., Zhang, Q., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Hierarchical nanocomposites derived from nanocarbons and layered double hydroxides - properties, synthesis, and applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 675–694 (2012)
Tian, G.L., Zhao, M.Q., Zhang, B.S., et al.: Monodisperse embedded nanoparticles derived from an atomic metal-dispersed precursor of layered double hydroxide for architectured carbon nanotube formation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 1686–1696 (2014)
Zhao, M.Q., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., et al.: Embedded high density metal nanoparticles with extraordinary thermal stability derived from guest-host mediated layered double hydroxides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 14739–14741 (2010)
Zhao, M.Q., Zhang, Q., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Unstacked double-layer templated graphene for high-rate lithium-sulphur batteries. Nat. Commun. 5, 3410 (2014)
Tian, G.L., Zhang, Q., Zhao, M.Q., et al.: Fluidized-bed CVD of unstacked double-layer templated graphene and its application in supercapacitors. AIChE J. 61, 747–755 (2015)
Shi, J.L., Wang, H.F., Zhu, X.L., et al.: The nanostructure preservation of 3D porous graphene: new insights into the graphitization and surface chemistry of non-stacked double-layer templated graphene after high-temperature treatment. Carbon 103, 36–44 (2016)
Shi, J.L., Peng, H.J., Zhu, L., et al.: Template growth of porous graphene microspheres on layered double oxide catalysts and their applications in lithium-sulfur batteries. Carbon 92, 96–105 (2015)
Shi, J.L., Tian, G.L., Zhang, Q., et al.: Customized casting of unstacked graphene with high surface area (> 1300 m2 g−1) and its application in oxygen reduction reaction. Carbon 93, 702–712 (2015)
Shi, J.L., Tang, C., Peng, H.J., et al.: 3D mesoporous graphene: cVD self-assembly on porous oxide templates and applications in high-stable Li–S batteries. Small 11, 5243–5252 (2015)
Wang, H., Zhi, L., Liu, K., et al.: Thin-sheet carbon nanomesh with an excellent electrocapacitive performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 5420–5427 (2015)
Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Sun, X., et al.: Shape-controlled synthesis of nanocarbons through direct conversion of carbon dioxide. Sci. Rep. 3, 3534 (2013)
Zhang, H.T., Zhang, X., Sun, X.Z., et al.: Large-scale production of nanographene sheets with a controlled mesoporous architecture as high-performance electrochemical electrode materials. ChemSusChem 6, 1084–1090 (2013)
Chakrabarti, A., Lu, J., Skrabutenas, J.C., et al.: Conversion of carbon dioxide to few-layer graphene. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 9491–9493 (2011)
Wang, H., Sun, K., Tao, F., et al.: 3D honeycomb-like structured graphene and its high efficiency as a counter-electrode catalyst for dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 9210–9214 (2013)
Chen, X., Wu, B., Liu, Y.Q.: Direct preparation of high quality graphene on dielectric substrates. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 2057–2074 (2016)
Chen, J.Y., Guo, Y.L., Jiang, L.L., et al.: Near-equilibrium chemical vapor deposition of high-quality single-crystal graphene directly on various dielectric substrates. Adv. Mater. 26, 1348–1353 (2014)
Lin, T.Q., Chen, I.W., Liu, F.X., et al.: Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon of extraordinary capacitance for electrochemical energy storage. Science 350, 1508–1513 (2015)
Bi, H., Lin, T., Xu, F., et al.: New graphene form of nanoporous monolith for excellent energy storage. Nano Lett. 16, 349–354 (2016)
Chen, K., Chai, Z.G., Li, C., et al.: Catalyst-free growth of three-dimensional graphene flakes and graphene/g-C3N4 composite for hydrocarbon oxidation. ACS Nano 10, 3665–3673 (2016)
Yingying, L., Yin, F., Zhangxiong, W., et al.: In-situ confined growth of monodisperse pt nanoparticle@graphene nanobox composites as electrocatalytic nanoreactors. Small 11, 1003–1010 (2015)
Zhong, L., Tang, C., Wang, B., et al.: SAPO-34 templated growth of hierarchical porous graphene cages as electrocatalysts for both oxygen reduction and evolution. New Carbon Mater. 32, 509–516 (2017)
Ning, G.Q., Xu, C.G., Cao, Y.M., et al.: Chemical vapor deposition derived flexible graphene paper and its application as high performance anodes for lithium rechargeable batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 408–414 (2013)
Xu, C.G., Ning, G.Q., Zhu, X., et al.: Synthesis of graphene from asphaltene molecules adsorbed on vermiculite layers. Carbon 62, 213–221 (2013)
Tang, C., Zhang, Q., Zhao, M.Q., et al.: Nitrogen-doped aligned carbon nanotube/graphene sandwiches: facile catalytic growth on bifunctional natural catalysts and their applications as scaffolds for high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 26, 6100–6105 (2014)
Tang, C., Zhang, Q., Zhao, M.Q., et al.: Resilient aligned carbon nanotube/graphene sandwiches for robust mechanical energy storage. Nano Energy 7, 161–169 (2014)
Chen, K., Li, C., Shi, L., et al.: Growing three-dimensional biomorphic graphene powders using naturally abundant diatomite templates towards high solution processability. Nat. Commun. 7, 13440 (2016)
Qin, J., He, C.N., Zhao, N.Q., et al.: Graphene networks anchored with Sn@graphene as lithium ion battery anode. ACS Nano 8, 1728–1738 (2014)
Shi, L., Chen, K., Du, R., et al.: Direct synthesis of few-layer graphene on NaCl crystals. Small 11, 6302–6308 (2015)
Li, N., Yang, G., Sun, Y., et al.: Free-standing and transparent graphene membrane of polyhedron box-shaped basic building units directly grown using a nacl template for flexible transparent and stretchable solid-state supercapacitors. Nano Lett. 15, 3195–3203 (2015)
Zhu, Y.W., Ji, H.X., Cheng, H.M., et al.: Mass production and industrial applications of graphene materials. Nat. Sci. Rev. 5, 90–101 (2018)
**, H.L., Bu, Y.F., Li, J., et al.: Strong graphene 3D assemblies with high elastic recovery and hardness. Adv. Mater. 30, 1707424 (2018)
Lim, J., Lee, G.Y., Lee, H.J., et al.: Open porous graphene nanoribbon hydrogel via additive-free interfacial self-assembly: fast mass transport electrodes for high-performance biosensing and energy storage. Energy Storage Mater. 16, 251–258 (2019)
Zhang, L., Shi, G.Q.: Preparation of highly conductive graphene hydrogels for fabricating supercapacitors with high rate capability. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 17206–17212 (2011)
Cong, H.P., Ren, X.C., Wang, P., et al.: Macroscopic multifunctional graphene-based hydrogels and aerogels by a metal ion induced self-assembly process. ACS Nano 6, 2693–2703 (2012)
Xu, Y.X., Sheng, K.X., Li, C., et al.: Self-assembled graphene hydrogel via a one-step hydrothermal process. ACS Nano 4, 4324–4330 (2010)
Hu, H., Zhao, Z., Wan, W., et al.: Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels. Adv. Mater. 25, 2219–2223 (2013)
Zhao, Y., Hu, C., Hu, Y., et al.: A versatile, ultralight, nitrogen-doped graphene framework. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 11371–11375 (2012)
Sudeep, P.M., Narayanan, T.N., Ganesan, A., et al.: Covalently interconnected three-dimensional graphene oxide solids. ACS Nano 7, 7034–7040 (2013)
**e, X., Zhou, Y.L., Bi, H.C., et al.: Large-range control of the microstructures and properties of three-dimensional porous graphene. Sci. Rep. 3, 2117 (2013)
Tao, Y., **e, X., Lv, W., et al.: Towards ultrahigh volumetric capacitance: graphene derived highly dense but porous carbons for supercapacitors. Sci. Rep. 3, 2975 (2013)
Shao, J.J., Wu, S.D., Zhang, S.B., et al.: Graphene oxide hydrogel at solid/liquid interface. Chem. Commun. 47, 5771–5773 (2011)
Liu, L., Niu, Z., Zhang, L., et al.: Nanostructured graphene composite papers for highly flexible and foldable supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 26, 4855–4862 (2014)
Choi, B.G., Yang, M., Hong, W.H., et al.: 3D macroporous graphene frameworks for supercapacitors with high energy and power densities. ACS Nano 6, 4020–4028 (2012)
Huang, X.D., Sun, B., Li, K.F., et al.: Mesoporous graphene paper immobilised sulfur as a flexible electrode for lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 13484–13489 (2013)
Huang, X., Qian, K., Yang, J., et al.: Functional nanoporous graphene foams with controlled pore sizes. Adv. Mater. 24, 4419–4423 (2012)
Wang, J., Wang, H.S., Wang, K., et al.: Ice crystals growth driving assembly of porous nitrogen-doped graphene for catalyzing oxygen reduction probed by in situ fluorescence electrochemistry. Sci. Rep. 4, 6723 (2014)
Li, Y., Chen, J., Huang, L., et al.: Highly compressible macroporous graphene monoliths via an improved hydrothermal process. Adv. Mater. 26, 4789–4793 (2014)
Zou, J.L., Kim, F.: Diffusion driven layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide nanosheets into porous three-dimensional macrostructures. Nat. Commun. 5, 5254 (2014)
Huang, X.D., Sun, B., Su, D.W., et al.: Soft-template synthesis of 3D porous graphene foams with tunable architectures for lithium-O2 batteries and oil adsorption applications. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 7973–7979 (2014)
Gao, Y.D., Zhang, Y.Y., Zhang, Y., et al.: Three-dimensional paper-like graphene framework with highly orientated laminar structure as binder-free supercapacitor electrode. J. Energy Chem. 25, 49–54 (2016)
Chen, X., **ao, Z.B., Ning, X.T., et al.: Sulfur-impregnated, sandwich-type, hybrid carbon nanosheets with hierarchical porous structure for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1301988 (2014)
Sun, W.W., Peng, T., Liu, Y.M., et al.: Ordered mesoporous carbon-decorated reduced graphene oxide as efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Carbon 77, 18–24 (2014)
Song, Y.F., Yang, J., Wang, K., et al.: In-situ synthesis of graphene/nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon nanosheet for supercapacitor application. Carbon 96, 955–964 (2016)
Cong, H.P., Wang, P., Gong, M., et al.: Facile synthesis of mesoporous nitrogen-doped graphene: an efficient methanol-tolerant cathodic catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Nano Energy 3, 55–63 (2014)
Niu, W.H., Li, L.G., Liu, J., et al.: Graphene-supported mesoporous carbons prepared with thermally removable templates as efficient catalysts for oxygen electroreduction. Small 12, 1900–1908 (2016)
Zhu, Y.W., Murali, S., Stoller, M.D., et al.: Carbon-based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. Science 332, 1537–1541 (2011)
Huang, J., Wang, J., Wang, C., et al.: Hierarchical porous graphene carbon-based supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 27, 2107–2113 (2015)
Su, H., Zhang, H.T., Liu, F.Y., et al.: High power supercapacitors based on hierarchically porous sheet-like nanocarbons with ionic liquid electrolytes. Chem. Eng. J. 322, 73–81 (2017)
You, Y., Zeng, W.C., Yin, Y.X., et al.: Hierarchically micro/mesoporous activated graphene with a large surface area for high sulfur loading in Li–S batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 4799–4802 (2015)
Kim, T.H., Bae, J., Lee, T.H., et al.: Room-temperature hydrogen storage via two-dimensional potential well in mesoporous graphene oxide. Nano Energy 27, 402–411 (2016)
Xu, X.T., Liu, Y., Wang, M., et al.: Design and fabrication of mesoporous graphene via carbothermal reaction for highly efficient capacitive deionization. Electrochim. Acta 188, 406–413 (2016)
Palaniselvam, T., Kashyap, V., Bhange, S.N., et al.: Nanoporous graphene enriched with Fe/Co-N active sites as a promising oxygen reduction electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 2150–2162 (2016)
Sun, H.T., Mei, L., Liang, J.F., et al.: Three-dimensional holey-graphene/niobia composite architectures for ultrahigh-rate energy storage. Science 356, 599–604 (2017)
Gu, X.Y., Hu, M., Du, Z.S., et al.: Fabrication of mesoporous graphene electrodes with enhanced capacitive deionization. Electrochim. Acta 182, 183–191 (2015)
Melinte, G., Florea, I., Moldovan, S., et al.: A 3D insight on the catalytic nanostructuration of few-layer graphene. Nat. Commun. 5, 4109 (2014)
Zhao, Y., Hu, C.G., Song, L., et al.: Functional graphene nanomesh foam. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1913–1918 (2014)
Lacey, S.D., Kirsch, D.J., Li, Y.J., et al.: Extrusion-based 3D printing of hierarchically porous advanced battery electrodes. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705651 (2018)
Yang, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, F., et al.: Sulfur-infiltrated graphene-based layered porous carbon cathodes for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Nano 8, 5208–5215 (2014)
Wang, D.W., Li, F., Liu, M., et al.: 3D aperiodic hierarchical porous graphitic carbon material for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 373–376 (2008)
Niu, W.H., Li, L.G., Liu, X.J., et al.: Mesoporous N-doped carbons prepared with thermally removable nanoparticle templates: an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 5555–5562 (2015)
Pan, F.P., Duan, Y.X., Zhang, X.K., et al.: A facile synthesis of nitrogen/sulfur co-doped graphene for the oxygen reduction reaction. ChemCatChem 8, 163–170 (2016)
Li, J., Wang, N., Tian, J., et al.: Cross-coupled macro-mesoporous carbon network toward record high energy-power density supercapacitor at 4 V. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1806153 (2018)
Wang, J.W., Jia, X.L., Atinafu, D.G., et al.: Synthesis of “graphene-like” mesoporous carbons for shape-stabilized phase change materials with high loading capacity and improved latent heat. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 24321–24328 (2017)
Xu, G.Y., Ding, B., Nie, P., et al.: Hierarchically porous carbon encapsulating sulfur as a superior cathode material for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 194–199 (2014)
Tang, C., Wang, H.F., Chen, X., et al.: Topological defects in metal-free nanocarbon for oxygen electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 28, 6845–6851 (2016)
Peng, H.J., Liang, J.Y., Zhu, L., et al.: Catalytic self-limited assembly at hard templates: a mesoscale approach to graphene nanoshells for lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Nano 8, 11280–11289 (2014)
Yoon, J.C., Lee, J.S., Kim, S.I., et al.: Three-dimensional graphene nano-networks with high quality and mass production capability via precursor-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Sci. Rep. 3, 1788 (2013)
Jiao, Y.C., Han, D.D., Liu, L.M., et al.: Highly ordered mesoporous few-layer graphene frameworks enabled by Fe3O4 nanocrystal superlattices. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 5727–5731 (2015)
Jiao, Y., Han, D., Ding, Y., et al.: Fabrication of three-dimensionally interconnected nanoparticle superlattices and their lithium-ion storage properties. Nat. Commun. 6, 6420 (2015)
Han, D.D., Yan, Y.C., Wei, J.S., et al.: Fine-tuning the wall thickness of ordered mesoporous graphene by exploiting ligand exchange of colloidal nanocrystals. Front. Chem. 5, 117 (2017)
Ji, L., Guo, G.N., Sheng, H.Y., et al.: Free-standing, ordered mesoporous few-layer graphene framework films derived from nanocrystal superlattices self-assembled at the solid- or liquid-air interface. Chem. Mater. 28, 3823–3830 (2016)
Yu, H.J., Guo, G.N., Ji, L., et al.: Designed synthesis of ordered mesoporous graphene spheres from colloidal nanocrystals and their application as a platform for high-performance lithium-ion battery composite electrodes. Nano Res. 9, 3757–3771 (2016)
Dai, L.M.: Functionalization of graphene for efficient energy conversion and storage. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 31–42 (2013)
Yuan, H., Kong, L., Li, T., et al.: A review of transition metal chalcogenide/graphene nanocomposites for energy storage and conversion. Chin. Chem. Lett. 28, 2180–2194 (2017)
Hu, C.G., Liu, D., ** for energy conversion and storage. Prog. Nat. Sci. 28, 121–132 (2018)
Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Jaroniec, M., et al.: Origin of the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of graphene-based catalysts: a roadnnap to achieve the best performance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 4394–4403 (2014)
Hu, C.G., Dai, L.M.: Carbon-based metal-free catalysts for electrocatalysis beyond the ORR. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 11736–11758 (2016)
Ma, Y.F., Guo, Q.B., Yang, M., et al.: Highly doped graphene with multi-dopants for high-capacity and ultrastable sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 13, 134–141 (2018)
Ma, Z.L., Dou, S., Shen, A.L., et al.: Sulfur-doped graphene derived from cycled lithium-sulfur batteries as a metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 1888–1892 (2015)
Xu, H.F., Ma, L.B., **, Z.: Nitrogen-doped graphene: synthesis, characterizations and energy applications. J. Energy Chem. 27, 146–160 (2018)
Lee, W.J., Lim, J., Kim, S.O.: Nitrogen dopants in carbon nanomaterials: defects or a new opportunity? Small Methods 1, 1600014 (2017)
Li, M.T., Zhang, L.P., Xu, Q., et al.: N-doped graphene as catalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions: theoretical considerations. J. Catal. 314, 66–72 (2014)
Hou, T.Z., Chen, X., Peng, H.J., et al.: Design principles for heteroatom-doped nanocarbon to achieve strong anchoring of polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries. Small 12, 3283–3291 (2016)
Li, J.C., Hou, P.X., Zhao, S.Y., et al.: A 3D bi-functional porous N-doped carbon microtube sponge electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 3079–3084 (2016)
Zhang, J.A., Song, Y., Kopec, M., et al.: Facile aqueous route to nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 12931–12934 (2017)
Qin, L., Ding, R.M., Wang, H.X., et al.: Facile synthesis of porous nitrogen-doped holey graphene as an efficient metal-free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Nano Res. 10, 305–319 (2017)
Liu, X.B., Amiinu, I.S., Liu, S.J., et al.: Transition metal/nitrogen dual-doped mesoporous graphene-like carbon nanosheets for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Nanoscale 8, 13311–13320 (2016)
Zhang, J., Zhao, Z., **a, Z., et al.: A metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 444–452 (2015)
Yang, H.B., Miao, J.W., Hung, S.F., et al.: Identification of catalytic sites for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in N-doped graphene materials: development of highly efficient metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst. Sci. Adv. 2, e1501122 (2016)
Chen, S., Duan, J.J., Jaroniec, M., et al.: Nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped carbon hydrogel film as a substrate-free electrode for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Adv. Mater. 26, 2925–2930 (2014)
Chen, S., Duan, J., Zheng, Y., et al.: Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of N/S-double doped graphene microwires for oxygen evolution and Zn–air batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 1, 17–24 (2015)
Kim, J.H., Kannan, A.G., Woo, H.S., et al.: A bi-functional metal-free catalyst composed of dual-doped graphene and mesoporous carbon for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 18456–18465 (2015)
Jia, Y., Zhang, L.Z., Du, A.J., et al.: Defect graphene as a trifunctional catalyst for electrochemical reactions. Adv. Mater. 28, 9532–9538 (2016)
Shi, J.L., Tang, C., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Effective exposure of nitrogen heteroatoms in 3D porous graphene framework for oxygen reduction reaction and lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 27, 167–175 (2018)
Qiao, M., Tang, C., He, G., et al.: Graphene/nitrogen-doped porous carbon sandwiches for the metal-free oxygen reduction reaction: conductivity versus active sites. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 12658–12666 (2016)
Li, R., Wei, Z., Gou, X.: Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped graphene/carbon nanosheets as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution. ACS Catal. 5, 4133–4142 (2015)
Qu, K.G., Zheng, Y., Dai, S., et al.: Polydopamine-graphene oxide derived mesoporous carbon nanosheets for enhanced oxygen reduction. Nanoscale 7, 12598–12605 (2015)
Zhu, C., Fu, S., Shi, Q., et al.: Single-atom electrocatalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 13944–13960 (2017)
Bayatsarmadi, B., Zheng, Y., Vasileff, A., et al.: Recent advances in atomic metal do** of carbon-based nanomaterials for energy conversion. Small 13, 1700191 (2017)
Li, Z., Wang, D., Wu, Y., et al.: Recent advances in the precise control of isolated single-site catalysts by chemical methods. Nat. Sci. Rev. 5, 673–689 (2018)
Tang, C., Zhang, Q.: Can metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts satisfy oxygen electrochemistry? J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 4998–5001 (2016)
Qiu, H.J., Ito, Y., Cong, W.T., et al.: Nanoporous graphene with single-atom nickel dopants: an efficient and stable catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen production. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 14031–14035 (2015)
Chen, Y.J., Ji, S.F., Wang, Y.G., et al.: Isolated single iron atoms anchored on N-doped porous carbon as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 6937–6941 (2017)
Li, J., Chen, M., Cullen, D.A., et al.: Atomically dispersed manganese catalysts for oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Nat. Cat. 1, 935–945 (2018)
Yang, W., Li, X., Li, Y., et al.: Applications of metal–organic-framework-derived carbon materials. Adv. Mater. 30, 1804740 (2018)
Zhang, L., Jia, Y., Gao, G., et al.: Graphene defects trap atomic Ni species for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. Chem 4, 285–297 (2018)
Tang, C., Wang, B., Wang, H.F., et al.: Defect engineering toward atomic Co-Nx-C in hierarchical graphene for rechargeable flexible solid Zn–air batteries. Adv. Mater. 29, 1703185 (2017)
Wang, J., Huang, Z., Liu, W., et al.: Design of N-coordinated dual-metal sites: a stable and active Pt-free catalyst for acidic oxygen reduction reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 17281–17284 (2017)
Chen, S., Duan, J., Ran, J., et al.: N-doped graphene film-confined nickel nanoparticles as a highly efficient three-dimensional oxygen evolution electrocatalyst. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 3693–3699 (2013)
Peng, H.J., Zhang, Z.W., Huang, J.Q., et al.: A cooperative interface for highly efficient lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 28, 9551–9558 (2016)
Wang, H.F., Tang, C., Wang, B., et al.: Bifunctional transition metal hydroxysulfides: room-temperature sulfurization and their applications in Zn–air batteries. Adv. Mater. 29, 1702327 (2017)
Li, B.Q., Zhang, S.Y., Tang, C., et al.: Anionic regulated NiFe (oxy)sulfide electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Small 13, 1700610 (2017)
Tang, C., Wang, H.F., Wang, H.S., et al.: Guest-host modulation of multi-metallic (oxy) hydroxides for superb water oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 3210–3216 (2016)
Geim, A.K., Grigorieva, I.V.: Van der waals heterostructures. Nature 499, 419–425 (2013)
Novoselov, K.S., Mishchenko, A., Carvalho, A., et al.: 2D materials and van der waals heterostructures. Science 353, aac9439 (2016)
Long, X., Li, J., **ao, S., et al.: A strongly coupled graphene and FeNi double hydroxide hybrid as an excellent electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 7584–7588 (2014)
Ma, W., Ma, R., Wang, C., et al.: A superlattice of alternately stacked Ni-Fe hydroxide nanosheets and graphene for efficient splitting of water. ACS Nano 9, 1977–1984 (2015)
Ma, R.Z., Liu, X.H., Liang, J.B., et al.: Molecular-scale heteroassembly of redoxable hydroxide nanosheets and conductive graphene into superlattice composites for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 26, 4173–4178 (2014)
Jia, Y., Zhang, L.Z., Gao, G.P., et al.: A heterostructure coupling of exfoliated Ni-Fe hydroxide nanosheet and defective graphene as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. Adv. Mater. 29, 1700017 (2017)
Duan, J.J., Chen, S., Jaroniec, M., et al.: Porous C3N4 nanolayers@N-graphene films as catalyst electrodes for highly efficient hydrogen evolution. ACS Nano 9, 931–940 (2015)
Han, Q., Cheng, Z.H., Gao, J., et al.: Mesh-on-mesh graphitic-C3N4@graphene for highly efficient hydrogen evolution. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1606352 (2017)
Tang, C., Zhang, Q.: Nanocarbon for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis: dopants, edges, and defects. Adv. Mater. 29, 1604103 (2017)
Winter, M., Barnett, B., Xu, K.: Before Li ion batteries. Chem. Rev. 118, 11433–11456 (2018)
Zhu, J., Wang, T., Fan, F.R., et al.: Atomic-scale control of silicon expansion space as ultrastable battery anodes. ACS Nano 10, 8243–8251 (2016)
Su, F.Y., You, C.H., He, Y.B., et al.: Flexible and planar graphene conductive additives for lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 9644–9650 (2010)
Wu, G., Ran, R., Zhao, B.T., et al.: 3D amorphous carbon and graphene co-modified LiFePO4 composite derived from polyol process as electrode for high power lithium-ion batteries. J. Energy Chem. 23, 363–375 (2014)
Xu, Y.X., Lin, Z.Y., Zhong, X., et al.: Solvated graphene frameworks as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 5345–5350 (2015)
Yan, X.J., Wang, Y.Y., Liu, C.C., et al.: Engineering two-dimensional pores in freestanding TiO2/graphene gel film for high performance lithium ion battery. J. Energy Chem. 27, 176–182 (2018)
Dong, C.F., Guo, L.J., He, Y.Y., et al.: Sandwich-like Ni2P nanoarray/nitrogen-doped graphene nanoarchitecture as a high-performance anode for sodium and lithium ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 15, 234–241 (2018)
Gao, X., Wang, B.Y., Zhang, Y., et al.: Graphene-scroll-sheathed α-MnS coaxial nanocables embedded in N, S co-doped graphene foam as 3D hierarchically ordered electrodes for enhanced lithium storage. Energy Storage Mater. 16, 46–55 (2019)
Gerber, O., Begin-Colin, S., Pichon, B.P., et al.: Design of Fe3-xO4 raspberry decorated graphene nanocomposites with high performances in lithium-ion battery. J. Energy Chem. 25, 272–277 (2016)
Wang, L., Wei, Z.X., Mao, M.L., et al.: Metal oxide/graphene composite anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 16, 434–454 (2019)
Li, Z.J., Kong, D.B., Zhou, G.M., et al.: Twin-functional graphene oxide: compacting with Fe2O3 into a high volumetric capacity anode for lithium ion battery. Energy Storage Mater. 6, 98–103 (2017)
Zhang, D., Wang, S., Ma, Y., et al.: Two-dimensional nanosheets as building blocks to construct three-dimensional structures for lithium storage. J. Energy Chem. 27, 128–145 (2018)
Odkhuu, D., Jung, D.H., Lee, H., et al.: Negatively curved carbon as the anode for lithium ion batteries. Carbon 66, 39–47 (2014)
Zheng, Z.M., Zhang, X., Pei, F., et al.: Hierarchical porous carbon microrods composed of vertically aligned graphene-like nanosheets for Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 19800–19806 (2015)
Chen, X.C., Wei, W., Lv, W., et al.: A graphene-based nanostructure with expanded ion transport channels for high rate Li-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 48, 5904–5906 (2012)
Choi, S.H., Lee, J.K., Kang, Y.C.: Three-dimensional porous graphene-metal oxide composite microspheres: preparation and application in Li-ion batteries. Nano Res. 8, 1584–1594 (2015)
Zhou, G.M., Li, F., Cheng, H.M.: Progress in flexible lithium batteries and future prospects. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1307–1338 (2014)
Peng, H.J., Huang, J.Q., Cheng, X.B., et al.: Review on high-loading and high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700260 (2017)
Zhang, G., Zhang, Z.W., Peng, H.J., et al.: A toolbox for lithium-sulfur battery research: methods and protocols. Small Methods 1, 1700134 (2017)
Huang, J.Q., Zhai, P.Y., Peng, H.J., et al.: Metal/nanocarbon layer current collectors enhanced energy efficiency in lithium-sulfur batteries. Sci. Bull. 62, 1267–1274 (2017)
Peng, H.J., Huang, J.Q., Liu, X.Y., et al.: Healing high-loading sulfur electrodes with unprecedented long cycling life: spatial heterogeneity control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 8458–8466 (2017)
Yang, X., Li, X., Adair, K., et al.: Structural design of lithium–sulfur batteries: from fundamental research to practical application. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 1, 239–293 (2018)
Ji, X., Lee, K.T., Nazar, L.F.: A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries. Nat. Mater. 8, 500–506 (2009)
Zhou, G.M., Li, L., Ma, C.Q., et al.: A graphene foam electrode with high sulfur loading for flexible and high energy Li–S batteries. Nano Energy 11, 356–365 (2015)
Zhou, X.Y., Chen, F., Yang, J.: Core@shell sulfur@polypyrrole nanoparticles sandwiched in graphene sheets as cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 24, 448–455 (2015)
Zhang, H., Zhao, Z.B., Liu, Y., et al.: Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from metal-organic aerogel for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries. J. Energy Chem. 26, 1282–1290 (2017)
Kim, J.W., Ocon, J.D., Park, D.W., et al.: Enhanced reversible capacity of Li–S battery cathode based on graphene oxide. J. Energy Chem. 22, 336–340 (2013)
Huang, J., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., et al.: Review on advanced functional separators for lithium-sulfur batteries. Acta Chim. Sinica 75, 173–188 (2017)
Li, H., Yang, X., Wang, X., et al.: Dense integration of graphene and sulfur through the soft approach for compact lithium/sulfur battery cathode. Nano Energy 12, 468–475 (2015)
Zhou, G., Yin, L.-C., Wang, D.-W., et al.: Fibrous hybrid of graphene and sulfur nanocrystals for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Nano 7, 5367–5375 (2013)
Zheng, J.H., Guo, G.N., Li, H.W., et al.: Elaborately designed micro-mesoporous graphitic carbon spheres as efficient polysulfide reservoir for lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 1105–1114 (2017)
Oschatz, M., Borchardt, L., Pinkert, K., et al.: Hierarchical carbide-derived carbon foams with advanced mesostructure as a versatile electrochemical energy-storage material. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1300645 (2014)
Peng, H.J., Zhang, Q.: Designing host materials for sulfur cathodes: from physical confinement to surface chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 11018–11020 (2015)
Peng, H.J., Zhang, G., Chen, X., et al.: Enhanced electrochemical kinetics on conductive polar mediators for lithium-sulfur batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 12990–12995 (2016)
Chen, C.Y., Peng, H.J., Hou, T.Z., et al.: A quinonoid-imine-enriched nanostructured polymer mediator for lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 29, 1606802 (2017)
Yin, L.C., Liang, J., Zhou, G.M., et al.: Understanding the interactions between lithium polysulfides and n-doped graphene using density functional theory calculations. Nano Energy 25, 203–210 (2016)
Kong, L., Li, B.Q., Peng, H.J., et al.: Porphyrin-derived graphene-based nanosheets enabling strong polysulfide chemisorption and rapid kinetics in lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1800849 (2018)
Hou, T.Z., Xu, W.T., Chen, X., et al.: Lithium bond chemistry in lithium-sulfur batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 8178–8182 (2017)
Li, L., Zhou, G.M., Yin, L.C., et al.: Stabilizing sulfur cathodes using nitrogen-doped graphene as a chemical immobilizer for Li–S batteries. Carbon 108, 120–126 (2016)
Li, B.Q., Zhang, S.Y., Kong, L., et al.: Porphyrin organic framework hollow spheres and their applications in lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Mater. 30, 1707483 (2018)
Li, S.Y., Wang, W.P., Duan, H., et al.: Recent progress on confinement of polysulfides through physical and chemical methods. J. Energy Chem. 27, 1555–1565 (2018)
Sun, Z.H., Zhang, J.Q., Yin, L.C., et al.: Conductive porous vanadium nitride/graphene composite as chemical anchor of polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries. Nat. Commun. 8, 14627 (2017)
Liang, J., Yin, L.C., Tang, X.N., et al.: Kinetically enhanced electrochemical redox of polysulfides on polymeric carbon nitrides for improved lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8, 25193–25201 (2016)
Yuan, Z., Peng, H.J., Hou, T.Z., et al.: Powering lithium-sulfur battery performance by propelling polysulfide redox at sulfiphilic hosts. Nano Lett. 16, 519–527 (2016)
Li, H.P., Sun, L.C., Zhang, Y.G., et al.: Enhanced cycle performance of Li/S battery with the reduced graphene oxide/activated carbon functional interlayer. J. Energy Chem. 26, 1276–1281 (2017)
Qin, J.L., Peng, H.J., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Solvent-engineered scalable production of polysulfide-blocking shields to enhance practical lithium-sulfur batteries. Small Methods 2, 1800100 (2018)
Zhuang, T.Z., Huang, J.Q., Peng, H.J., et al.: Rational integration of polypropylene/graphene oxide/Nafion as ternary-layered separator to retard the shuttle of polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries. Small 12, 381–389 (2016)
Peng, H.J., Wang, D.W., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Janus separator of polypropylene-supported cellular graphene framework for sulfur cathodes with high utilization in lithium-sulfur batteries. Adv. Sci. 3, 1500268 (2016)
Zhai, P.Y., Peng, H.J., Cheng, X.B., et al.: Scaled-up fabrication of porous-graphene-modified separators for high-capacity lithium-sulfur batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 7, 56–63 (2017)
Zhang, X.Q., Zhao, C.Z., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Recent advances in energy chemical engineering of next-generation lithium batteries. Engineering 4, 831–847 (2018)
Chen, X.R., Zhang, R., Cheng, X.B., et al.: Dendrite-free carbon/lithium metal anodes for use in flexible lithium metal batteries. New Carbon Mater. 32, 600–604 (2017)
Cheng, X.B., Yan, C., Huang, J.Q., et al.: The gap between long lifespan Li–S coin and pouch cells: the importance of lithium metal anode protection. Energy Storage Mater. 6, 18–25 (2017)
Cheng, X.B., Zhang, R., Zhao, C.Z., et al.: Toward safe lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries: a review. Chem. Rev. 117, 10403–10473 (2017)
Zhang, R., Li, N.W., Cheng, X.B., et al.: Advanced micro/nanostructures for lithium metal anodes. Adv. Sci. 4, 1600445 (2017)
Zhang, X.Q., Cheng, X.B., Zhang, Q.: Advances in interfaces between Li metal anode and electrolyte. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1701097 (2018)
Zhang, C., Huang, Z.J., Lv, W., et al.: Carbon enables the practical use of lithium metal in a battery. Carbon 123, 744–755 (2017)
Zhang, R., Chen, X., Shen, X., et al.: Coralloid carbon fiber-based composite lithium anode for robust lithium metal batteries. Joule 2, 764–777 (2018)
Deng, W., Zhu, W.H., Zhou, X.F., et al.: Graphene nested porous carbon current collector for lithium metal anode with ultrahigh areal capacity. Energy Storage Mater. 15, 266–273 (2018)
Meng, Q.Q., Deng, B., Zhang, H.M., et al.: Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of electrodeposited lithium metal on the basal plane of single-layer graphene. Energy Storage Mater. 16, 419–425 (2019)
Cheng, X.B., Peng, H.J., Huang, J.Q., et al.: Dual-phase lithium metal anode containing a polysulfide-induced solid electrolyte interphase and nanostructured graphene framework for lithium-sulfur batteries. ACS Nano 9, 6373–6382 (2015)
Zhang, R., Cheng, X.B., Zhao, C.Z., et al.: Conductive nanostructured scaffolds render low local current density to inhibit lithium dendrite growth. Adv. Mater. 28, 2155–2162 (2016)
Deng, W., Zhou, X.F., Fang, Q.L., et al.: Microscale lithium metal stored inside cellular graphene scaffold toward advanced metallic lithium anodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1703152 (2018)
Lin, D.C., Liu, Y.Y., Liang, Z., et al.: Layered reduced graphene oxide with nanoscale interlayer gaps as a stable host for lithium metal anodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 626–632 (2016)
Zhang, R., Chen, X.R., Chen, X., et al.: Lithiophilic sites in doped graphene guide uniform lithium nucleation for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 7764–7768 (2017)
Liu, H., Chen, X., Cheng, X.B., et al.: Uniform lithium nucleation guided by atomically dispersed lithiophilic conx sites for safe lithium metal batteries. Small Methods 2, 1800354 (2018)
Li, Y.G., Dai, H.J.: Recent advances in zinc-air batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 5257–5275 (2014)
Debe, M.K.: Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells. Nature 486, 43–51 (2012)
Gong, K., Du, F., **a, Z., et al.: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Science 323, 760–764 (2009)
Jeon, I.Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., et al.: Edge-selectively sulfurized graphene nanoplatelets as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: the electron spin effect. Adv. Mater. 25, 6138–6145 (2013)
Zhang, L., **a, Z.: Mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction on nitrogen-doped graphene for fuel cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 11170–11176 (2011)
Yan, D.F., Li, Y.X., Huo, J., et al.: Defect chemistry of nonprecious-metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reactions. Adv. Mater. 29, 1606459 (2017)
Liang, J., Du, X., Gibson, C., et al.: N-doped graphene natively grown on hierarchical ordered porous carbon for enhanced oxygen reduction. Adv. Mater. 25, 6226–6231 (2013)
Liang, J., Zheng, Y., Chen, J., et al.: Facile oxygen reduction on a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous graphitic C3N4/carbon composite electrocatalyst. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 3892–3896 (2012)
Liang, J., Jiao, Y., Jaroniec, M., et al.: Sulfur and nitrogen dual-doped mesoporous graphene electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction with synergistically enhanced performance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 11496–11500 (2012)
Zhang, L., Xu, Q., Niu, J., et al.: Role of lattice defects in catalytic activities of graphene clusters for fuel cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 16733–16743 (2015)
Tao, L., Wang, Q., Dou, S., et al.: Edge-rich and dopant-free graphene as a highly efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Commun. 52, 2764–2767 (2016)
Jiang, Y., Yang, L., Sun, T., et al.: Significant contribution of intrinsic carbon defects to oxygen reduction activity. ACS Catal. 5, 6707–6712 (2015)
Ito, Y., Shen, Y., Hojo, D., et al.: Correlation between chemical dopants and topological defects in catalytically active nanoporous graphene. Adv. Mater. 28, 1604318 (2016)
Zhang, Z.P., Sun, J.T., Wang, F., et al.: Efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts based on single iron atoms dispersed on a hierarchically structured porous carbon framework. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 9038–9043 (2018)
Wang, J.Y., Zhang, H.N., Wang, C.W., et al.: Co-synthesis of atomic Fe and few-layer graphene towards superior ORR electrocatalyst. Energy Storage Mater. 12, 1–7 (2018)
Chen, X.Q., Yu, L., Wang, S.H., et al.: Highly active and stable single iron site confined in graphene nanosheets for oxygen reduction reaction. Nano Energy 32, 353–358 (2017)
Yin, P.Q., Yao, T., Wu, Y., et al.: Single cobalt atoms with precise N-coordination as superior oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 10800–10805 (2016)
Song, P., Luo, M., Liu, X.Z., et al.: Zn single atom catalyst for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1700802 (2017)
Han, Y.H., Wang, Y.G., Chen, W.X., et al.: Hollow N-doped carbon spheres with isolated cobalt single atomic sites: superior electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 17269–17272 (2017)
Wang, X.X., Cullen, D.A., Pan, Y.T., et al.: Nitrogen-coordinated single cobalt atom catalysts for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Adv. Mater. 30, 1706758 (2018)
Zhang, Z.P., Dou, M.L., Liu, H.J., et al.: A facile route to bimetal and nitrogen-codoped 3D porous graphitic carbon networks for efficient oxygen reduction. Small 12, 4193–4199 (2016)
Li, Q.H., Chen, W.X., **ao, H., et al.: Fe isolated single atoms on S, N codoped carbon by copolymer pyrolysis strategy for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Mater. 30, 1800588 (2018)
Fei, H.L., Dong, J.C., Feng, Y.X., et al.: General synthesis and definitive structural identification of MN4C4 single-atom catalysts with tunable electrocatalytic activities. Nat. Cat. 1, 63–72 (2018)
Wang, X.Q., Chen, Z., Zhao, X.Y., et al.: Regulation of coordination number over single Co sites: triggering the efficient electroreduction of CO2. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 1944–1948 (2018)
Jiang, K., Siahrostami, S., Akey, A.J., et al.: Transition-metal single atoms in a graphene shell as active centers for highly efficient artificial photosynthesis. Chem 3, 950–960 (2017)
Jiang, K., Siahrostami, S., Zheng, T.T., et al.: Isolated Ni single atoms in graphene nanosheets for high-performance CO2 reduction. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 893–903 (2018)
Su, X., Yang, X.F., Huang, Y., et al.: Single-atom catalysis toward efficient CO2 conversion to CO and formate products. Acc. Chem. Res. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00478
Sun, T., Zhao, S., Chen, W., et al.: Single-atomic cobalt sites embedded in hierarchically ordered porous nitrogen-doped carbon as a superior bifunctional electrocatalyst. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, 12692–12697 (2018)
Zhao, Y., Nakamura, R., Kamiya, K., et al.: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials as non-metal electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 4, 2390 (2013)
Zheng, Y., Jiao, Y., Zhu, Y.H., et al.: Hydrogen evolution by a metal-free electrocatalyst. Nat. Commun. 5, 3783 (2014)
Zhu, Y.P., Ran, J.R., Qiao, S.Z.: Scalable self-supported graphene foam for high-performance electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 9, 41980–41987 (2017)
Zhao, Z.H., **a, Z.H.: Design principles for dual-element-doped carbon nanomaterials as efficient bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. ACS Catal. 6, 1553–1558 (2016)
Zheng, Y., Jiao, Y., Li, L.H., et al.: Toward design of synergistically active carbon-based catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ACS Nano 8, 5290–5296 (2014)
Qu, K., Zheng, Y., Dai, S., et al.: Graphene oxide-polydopamine derived N, S-codoped carbon nanosheets as superior bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution. Nano Energy 19, 373–381 (2016)
Chen, P.Z., Xu, K., Zhou, T.P., et al.: Strong-coupled cobalt borate nanosheets/graphene hybrid as electrocatalyst for water oxidation under both alkaline and neutral conditions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 2488–2492 (2016)
Chen, S., Duan, J.J., Tang, Y.H., et al.: Molybdenum sulfide clusters-nitrogen-doped graphene hybrid hydrogel film as an efficient three-dimensional hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst. Nano Energy 11, 11–18 (2015)
Xue, S., Chen, L., Liu, Z.B., et al.: NiPS3 nanosheet-graphene composites as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Nano 12, 5297–5305 (2018)
Wang, H.F., Tang, C., Zhang, Q.: Towards superior oxygen evolution through graphene barriers between metal substrates and hydroxide catalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 16183–16189 (2015)
Wang, H.L., Dai, H.J.: Strongly coupled inorganic-nano-carbon hybrid materials for energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3088–3113 (2013)
Tang, C., Wang, H.F., Zhu, X.L., et al.: Advances in hybrid electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions: rational integration of NiFe layered double hydroxides and nanocarbon. Part. Part. Syst. Char. 33, 473–486 (2016)
Zhang, Q.F., Xu, Z., Lu, B.A.: Strongly coupled MoS2-3D graphene materials for ultrafast charge slow discharge libs and water splitting applications. Energy Storage Mater. 4, 84–91 (2016)
Li, Y.G., Wang, H.L., **e, L.M., et al.: MoS2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: an advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 7296–7299 (2011)
Biroju, R.K., Das, D., Sharma, R., et al.: Hydrogen evolution reaction activity of graphene-MoS2 van der waals heterostructures. ACS Energy Letters 2, 1355–1361 (2017)
Zheng, X.L., Xu, J.B., Yan, K.Y., et al.: Space-confined growth of MoS2 nanosheets within graphite: the layered hybrid of MoS2 and graphene as an active catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem. Mater. 26, 2344–2353 (2014)
Duan, J., Chen, S., Chambers, B.A., et al.: 3D WS2 nanolayers@heteroatom-doped graphene films as hydrogen evolution catalyst electrodes. Adv. Mater. 27, 4234–4241 (2015)
Cui, X.Y., Tang, C., Zhang, Q.: A review of electrocatalytic reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia under ambient conditions. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1800369 (2018)
Guo, C., Ran, J., Vasileff, A., et al.: Rational design of electrocatalysts and photo(electro) catalysts for nitrogen reduction to ammonia (NH3) under ambient conditions. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 45–56 (2018)
Chen, J.G., Crooks, R.M., Seefeldt, L.C., et al.: Beyond fossil fuel–driven nitrogen transformations. Science 360, eaar6611 (2018)
Chen, G.F., Ren, S., Zhang, L., et al.: Advances in electrocatalytic N2 reduction—strategies to tackle the selectivity challenge. Small Methods 2, 1800337 (2018)
Yan, D., Li, H., Chen, C., et al.: Defect engineering strategies for nitrogen reduction reactions under ambient conditions. Small Methods 2, 1800331 (2018)
Cui, X., Tang, C., Liu, X.M., et al.: Highly selective electrochemical reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure over iron oxide catalysts. Chem. Eur. J. 24, 18494 (2018)
Guo, J., Chen, P.: Catalyst: NH3 as an energy carrier. Chem 3, 709–712 (2017)
Li, W., Wu, T., Zhang, S., et al.: Nitrogen-free commercial carbon cloth with rich defects for electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions. Chem. Commun. 54, 11188–11191 (2018)
Liu, Y., Su, Y., Quan, X., et al.: Facile ammonia synthesis from electrocatalytic N2 reduction under ambient conditions on N-doped porous carbon. ACS Catal. 8, 1186–1191 (2018)
Lv, C., Qian, Y., Yan, C., et al.: Defect engineering metal-free polymeric carbon nitride electrocatalyst for effective nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 10246–10250 (2018)
Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, Q., et al.: Ambient electrosynthesis of ammonia: electrode porosity and composition engineering. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 12360–12364 (2018)
Yu, X., Han, P., Wei, Z., et al.: Boron-doped graphene for electrocatalytic N2 reduction. Joule 2, 1610–1622 (2018)
Chen, G.F., Cao, X.R., Wu, S.Q., et al.: Ammonia electrosynthesis with high selectivity under ambient conditions via a Li+ incorporation strategy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 9771–9774 (2017)
Mukherjee, S., Cullen, D.A., Karakalos, S., et al.: Metal-organic framework-derived nitrogen-doped highly disordered carbon for electrochemical ammonia synthesis using N2 and H2O in alkaline electrolytes. Nano Energy 48, 217–226 (2018)
Song, Y., Johnson, D., Peng, R., et al.: A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia. Sci. Adv. 4, e1700336 (2018)
Geng, Z., Liu, Y., Kong, X., et al.: Achieving a record-high yield rate of 120.9 μgNH3 mg −1cat h−1 for N2 electrochemical reduction over Ru single-atom catalysts. Adv. Mater. 30, 1803498 (2018)
Tao, H., Choi, C., Ding, L.X., et al.: Nitrogen fixation by Ru single-atom electrocatalytic reduction. Chem. 5, 204–214 (2019)
Wang, X., Wang, W., Qiao, M., et al.: Atomically dispersed Au catalyst towards efficient electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. Sci. Bull. 63, 1246–1253 (2018)
Qin, Q., Heil, T., Antonietti, M., et al.: Single-site gold catalysts on hierarchical N-doped porous noble carbon for enhanced electrochemical reduction of nitrogen. Small Methods 2, 1800202 (2018)
Shi, M.M., Bao, D., Li, S.J., et al.: Anchoring PdCu amorphous nanocluster on graphene for electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 under ambient conditions in aqueous solution. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1800124 (2018)
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFA0202500 and 2016YFA0200102) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21676160, 21825501, and U1801257).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, C., Wang, HF., Huang, JQ. et al. 3D Hierarchical Porous Graphene-Based Energy Materials: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Application in Energy Storage and Conversion. Electrochem. Energ. Rev. 2, 332–371 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00033-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00033-7