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Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Moderators of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Responses: A Large-Scale Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis

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Abstract

Although many studies have assumed variability reflects variance caused by exercise training, few studies have examined whether interindividual differences in trainability are present following exercise training. The present individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis sought to: (1) investigate the presence of interindividual differences in trainability for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), waist circumference, and body mass; and (2) examine the influence of exercise training and potential moderators on the probability that an individual will experience clinically important differences. The IPD meta-analysis combined data from 1879 participants from eight previously published randomized controlled trials. We implemented a Bayesian framework to: (1) test the hypothesis of interindividual differences in trainability by comparing variability in change scores between exercise and control using Bayes factors; and (2) compare posterior predictions of control and exercise across a range of moderators (baseline body mass index (BMI) and exercise duration, intensity, amount, mode, and adherence) to estimate the proportions of participants expected to exceed minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) for all three outcomes. Bayes factors demonstrated a lack of evidence supporting a high degree of variance attributable to interindividual differences in trainability across all three outcomes. These findings indicate that interindividual variability in observed changes are likely due to measurement error and external behavioural factors, not interindividual differences in trainability. Additionally, we found that a larger proportion of exercise participants were expected to exceed MCIDs compared with controls for all three outcomes. Moderator analyses identified that larger proportions were associated with a range of factors consistent with standard exercise theory and were driven by mean changes. Practitioners should prescribe exercise interventions known to elicit large mean changes to increase the probability that individuals will experience beneficial changes in CRF, waist circumference and body mass.

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Author notes

  1. Deceased: Dr. Earnest made substantial contributions to the conception, design, and data collection of the trials conducted at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Dr. Earnest was unable to edit or approve the final version of this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

    Jacob T. Bonafiglia, Robert Ross & Brendon J. Gurd

  2. School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK

    Paul A. Swinton

  3. School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Neil M. Johannsen

  4. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Neil M. Johannsen, Corby K. Martin & Timothy S. Church

  5. Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    Cris A. Slentz, Leanna M. Ross & William E. Kraus

  6. Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    William E. Kraus

  7. Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Jeremy J. Walsh

  8. School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Glen P. Kenny, Gary S. Goldfield, Denis Prud’homme & Ronald J. Sigal

  9. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Glen P. Kenny & Ronald J. Sigal

  10. Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Gary S. Goldfield

  11. Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Gary S. Goldfield

  12. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Gary S. Goldfield

  13. Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Denis Prud’homme

  14. Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Ronald J. Sigal

  15. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Conrad P. Earnest

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  1. Jacob T. Bonafiglia
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Correspondence to Brendon J. Gurd.

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Funding

Jacob T. Bonafiglia and Brendon J. Gurd were supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (No. 402635).

Conflict of interest

Jacob T. Bonafiglia, Paul A. Swinton, Robert Ross, Neil M. Johannsen, Corby K. Martin, Timothy S. Church, Cris A. Slentz, Leanna M. Ross, William E. Kraus, Jeremy J. Walsh, Glen P. Kenny, Gary S. Goldfield, Denis Prud’homme, Ronald J. Sigal, Conrad P. Earnest, and Brendon J. Gurd declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

Ethical approval information

Each study received ethics approval at their respective institutions, conformed to guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and obtained written informed consent from each participant prior to commencing data collection.

Author Contributorship

All authors, unless otherwise noted (see note regarding Dr. Earnest): (1) made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; (2) drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content; (3) approved the version to be published; and (4) agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Bonafiglia, J.T., Swinton, P.A., Ross, R. et al. Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Moderators of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Responses: A Large-Scale Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Sports Med 52, 2837–2851 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01725-9

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