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Multifunctional hydrolysates from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed protein with high antihypertensive activity in vitro and in vivo

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Abstract

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed is an underutilized protein-rich resource considered as a by-product of the kenaf fiber processing industry. Its high protein content (34%) makes it a promising candidate as a source of bioactive protein hydrolysates. In this study, the potential of enzymatically hydrolyzed kenaf seed protein to generate multifunctional bioactive peptides was evaluated. Kenaf seed protein concentrate was hydrolyzed using four different proteolytic enzymes (papain, alcalase, bromelain, and flavourzyme) at their respective optimum pH and temperature. The choice of enzyme affected the bioactivities to a certain degree as KSPH were shown to possess high ACE inhibitory activity and low-to-moderate DPP-IV and antioxidant activity. Papain KSPH showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity with 95% inhibition compared to other enzymatic hydrolysates, and therefore was chosen for further investigation of its antihypertensive activity. Papain KSPH was profiled for its hydrophobicity by RP-HPLC and revealed that the majority of late-eluting fractions exerted the highest ACE inhibitory activity. Spontaneously hypertensive rats showed a decrease of approximately 18–46 mmHg in their systolic blood pressure (BP) from 0 to 24 h after oral administration of papain KSPH at dosages of 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg. However, the effect was not dose-dependent. As a novel protein source, future research should aim to demonstrate the safety of kenaf seed protein and its hydrolysates, and validate its bioactivity through human intervention trials. Overall, kenaf seed protein has the potential to generate antihypertensive hydrolysates with multifunctional bioactivities as part of a functional food ingredient.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Universiti Putra Malaysia for providing financial support (Project no.: GP-IPS/2018/9619900).

Funding

This research was funded by a Universiti Putra Malaysia grant scheme (Project no. GP-IPS/2018/9619900).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nurul Dhania Zaharuddin, Mohamad Ariff Hanafi, Chay Shyan Yea, Farah Salina Hussin, Wan Zunairah Wan Ibadullah & Nazamid Saari

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B 3011, Kano, Nigeria

    Shehu Muhammad Auwal

  3. Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohammad Zarei

  4. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Jalan Nyabau, 97008, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Shahrul Razid Sarbini

  5. Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Roselina Karim

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  1. Nurul Dhania Zaharuddin
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Contributions

NDZ conducted the experiments, analyzed and interpreted results, and drafted the manuscript. MAH and CSY interpreted results and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. FSH, SMA, and MZ designed experiments, assisted in experiments, literature search, and data interpretation. SRS, WZWI, RK, and NS conceptualized, supervised the research, provided feedback, and are responsible for final approval of the version to be published.

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Correspondence to Nazamid Saari.

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The in vivo study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Universiti Putra Malaysia (Reference no.: UPM/IACUC/AUP-R071/2018).

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Zaharuddin, N.D., Hanafi, M.A., Chay, S.Y. et al. Multifunctional hydrolysates from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed protein with high antihypertensive activity in vitro and in vivo. Food Measure 15, 652–663 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00663-2

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