Abstract
Zoige Plateau wetlands are located in the northeastern corner of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The landscape pattern evolution processes in the Zoige Plateau and their driving factors were identified by analyzing the dynamic changes in landscape modification and conversion and their dynamic rates of alpine wetlands over the past four decades. The results showed that the landscape conversion between wetlands and non-wetlands mainly occurred during the period from 1966 to 1986. The marsh wetland area converted from lake and river wetlands was larger because of swam** compared to other wetland landscapes. Meanwhile, the larger area of marsh wetlands was also converted to lake wetlands more than other types of wetlands. The modification processes mainly occurred among natural wetland landscapes in the first three periods. Obvious conversions were observed between wetland and non-wetland landscapes (i.e., forestland, grassland, and other landscapes) in the Zoige Plateau. These natural wetland landscapes such as river, lake and marsh wetlands showed a net loss over the past four decades, whereas artificial wetland landscapes (i.e., paddy field and reservoir and pond wetlands) showed a net decrease. The annual dynamic rate of the whole wetland landscape was 0.72%, in which the annual dynamic rate of river wetlands was the highest, followed by lake wetlands, while marsh wetlands had the lowest dynamic rate. The integrated landscape dynamic rate showed a decreasing trend in the first three periods. The changes in wetland landscape patterns were comprehensively controlled by natural factors and human activities, especially human activities play an important role in changing wetland landscape patterns.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arnold G, van der Valk, Warner BG (2009) The development of patterned mosaic landscapes: an overview. Plant Ecology 200(1):1–7.
Bai JH, Ouyang H, Cui BS, et al. (2008) Changes in landscape pattern of alpine wetlands on the Zoige Plateau in the past four decades. Acta Ecologica Sinica 28(5):2245–2252.
Bai JH, Ouyang H, **ao R, et al. (2010) Spatial variability of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous content and storage in an alpine wetland in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Australian Journal of Soil Research 48(8):730–736.
Bian JH, Li AN, Deng W (2010) Estimation and analysis of net primary Productivity of Ruoergai wetland in China for the recent 10 years based on remote sensing. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2:288–301.
Cao XX (2008) Dynamics of wetland landscape pattern in Kaifeng City from 1987 to 2002. Chinese Geographical Science 18(2):146–154.
Gu DQ, Zhang YZ, Fu J, et al. (2007) The landscape pattern characteristics of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay Under The Impact Of Human Activities. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 124(1-3):361–370.
He CQ, Zhao KY (1999) The Conservation of Wetlands Biodiversities and Their Sustainable Utilization in Roige Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources 14(3):238–244. (In Chinese)
Huang LB, Bai JH, Yan DH, et al. (2012) Changes of wetland landscape patterns in Dadu River Catchment from 1985 to 2000, China. Frontiers of Earth Science 6(3):237–249.
Jiang JG, Li AN, Deng W, Bian JH (2010) Construction of a new classifier integrated multiple sources and multi-temporal remote sensing data for wetlands. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2:302–314.
Kahara SN, Mockler RM, Higgins KF, et al. (2009) Spatiotemporal patterns of wetland occurrence in the Prairie Pothole Region of eastern South Dakota. Wetlands 29(2):678–689.
Kettlewell CI, Bouchard V, Porej D, et al. (2008) An assessment of wetland impacts and compensatory mitigation in the Cuyahoga River Watershed, Ohio, USA. Wetlands 28(1):57–67.
Lappalainen E (1996) Global Peat Resources. Jyskae, International Peat Society.
Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated Agriculture and Wildlife Conservation: Conflict on a Global Scale. Environmental Management 25(5):485–512.
McNeill J, Alves D, Arizpe L, Bykova O, Galvin K (1994) Toward a typology and regionalization of land-cover and land-use change: a global perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
Mita D, DeKeyser E, Kirby D, Easson G (2007) Develo** a wetland condition prediction model using landscape structure variability. Wetlands 27(4):1124–1133.
Mitsch WJ, Gosselink JG (2007) Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
O’Connell MJ (2003) Detecting, measuring and reversing changes to wetlands, Wetland Ecology and Management 11:397–401.
Shi PJ, Chen J, Pan YZ (2000) Landuse Change Mechanism in Shenzhen City. Acto Geographica Sinica 55(2):151–160. (In Chinese)
Sun GY, Zhang WF, Zhang JJ (1998) Mires and peatlands in Hengduan Mountains. Science Press, Bei**g, China. (In Chinese)
Taft OW, Haig SM (2006) Importance of wetland landscape structure to shorebirds wintering in an agricultural valley. Landscape Ecology 21(2):169–184.
Tian YB (2003) Studies on Restoration of wetland ecosystem and changes of soil carbon and selenium in Ruoergai Plateau. Ph.D thesis, Southwest Agricultural University, Chongqing, China. (In Chinese)
Turner II BL, Meyer WB (1998) Global land-use and land cover change: an overview. In: Meyer W.B. and Turner II B.L. (eds.), Change in land use and land cover: a global perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Pp 1–12.
Wang GX, Wu QB, Wang YB, et al. (2005) The impacts of railroad engineering on the apline grassland ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Science and Technology Review 1(1):8–13. (In Chinese)
Wang XL, Bao YH (1999) Study on the methods of land use dynamic change research. Progress in Geography 18(1):81–87. (In Chinese)
Wang ZQ, Wang F, Wu BY (2011) Changes of wetland landscape and the consequent impacts on the waterbirds in western Songnen Plain. Procedia Environmental Sciences 10(3): 2608–2613.
Yu YH, Suo AN, Jiang N (2011) Response of ecosystem service to landscape change in Pan** coastal wetland. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 2(3): 340–345.
Zhang LS, Ma LP (2001) Study on desertification in Maqu County, upstream of Huanghe River. Journal of Desert Research 21(1):84–87. (In Chinese)
Zhang QJ, Wang QG, Fang ZL, et al. (2002) Analysis on the restrictive factors of sustainable development in Ruoergai Plateau. Sichuan Environment 21(3):36–38. (In Chinese)
Zhao KY (2003) The mire rational utilization and conservation for its ecological environment in Qinghai-**zang (Tibet) Plateau. Wetland Science 1(2):92–97. (In Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bai, Jh., Lu, Qq., Wang, Jj. et al. Landscape pattern evolution processes of alpine wetlands and their driving factors in the Zoige Plateau of China. J. Mt. Sci. 10, 54–67 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2572-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2572-1