Abstract
The growing demand for products with lower environmental impact and the extensive applicability of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have received attention due to their attractive properties. In this study, bio-based films/nanopapers were produced with CNFs from banana tree pseudostem (BTPT) wastes and Eucalyptus kraft cellulose (EKC) and were evaluated by their properties, such as mechanical strength, biodegradability, and light transmittance. The CNFs were produced by mechanical fibrillation (after 20 and 40 passages) from suspensions of BTPT (alkaline pre-treated) and EKC. Films/nanopapers were produced by casting from both suspensions with concentrations of 2% (based in dry mass of CNF). The BTPT films/nanopapers showed greater mechanical properties, with Young’s modulus and tensile strength around 2.42 GPa and 51 MPa (after 40 passages), respectively. On the other hand, the EKC samples showed lower disintegration in water after 24 h and biodegradability. The increase in the number of fibrillation cycles produced more transparent films/nanopapers and caused a significant reduction of water absorption for both raw materials. The permeability was similar for the films/nanopapers from BTPT and EKC. This study indicated that attractive mechanical properties and biodegradability, besides low cost, could be achieved by bio-based nanomaterials, with potential for being applied as emulsifying agents and special membranes, enabling more efficient utilization of agricultural wastes.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included in the article. Besides, the datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- CNFs:
-
Cellulose nanofibrils
- BTPT:
-
Banana tree pseudostem
- EKC:
-
Eucalyptus kraft pulp
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- FEG:
-
Field emission gun
- TS:
-
Tensile strength
- DW:
-
Disintegration in water
- WA:
-
Water absorption
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- WVTR:
-
Water vapor transmission rate
- Md:
-
Average diameter
- Sd:
-
Standard deviation
- T:
-
Transmittance
- RH:
-
Relative humidity
References
ABNT - Brazilian Association of Technical Standards NBR 13999 (2003) Paper, board, pulps and wood—determination of residue (ash) on ignition at 525°C
ABNT - Brazilian Association of Technical Standards NBR 7989 (2010) Pulp and wood—determination of acid-insoluble lignin. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards
Abraham E, Deepa B, Pothan LA, Jacob M, Thomas S, Cvelbar U, Anandjiwala R (2011) Extraction of nanocellulose fibrils from lignocellulosic fibres: a novel approach. Carbohyd Polym 86:1468–1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.034
Abral H, Ariksa J, Mahardika M, Handayani D, Aminah I, Sandrawati N, Sugiarti E, Muslimin AN, Rosanti SD (2020) Effect of heat treatment on thermal resistance, transparency and antimicrobial activity of sonicated ginger cellulose film. Carbohyd Polym 240:116287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116287
Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Isolation and characterization of nanofibrils from agricultural residues - wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour Technol 99:1664–1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.029
Alves ICN, Gomide JL, Colodette JL, Silva HD (2011) Technological characterization of Eucalyptus benthamii wood for kraft pulp production. Ciência Florestal 21:167–174. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050982759
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials D1746-03 (2003) Standard test method for transparency of plastic sheeting
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials D882-12 (2012) Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials E96-00 (2000) Standard test methods for water vapor transmission of materials
Auras R, Harte B, Selke S (2004) An overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromol Biosci 4:835–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400043
Avérous L (2004) Biodegradable multiphase systems based on plasticized starch: a review. J Macromol Sci - Polym Rev 44:231–274. https://doi.org/10.1081/MC-200029326
Bardi MAG, Rosa DS (2007) Evaluation of biodegradation in simulated soil of poli (ε-caprolactone), cellulose acetate and its blends. Rev Bras Aplic Vácuo 26:43–47
Bianco F, Şenol H, Papirio S (2021) Enhanced lignocellulosic component removal and biomethane potential from chestnut shell by a combined hydrothermal–alkaline pretreatment. Sci Total Environ 762:144178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144178
Browning BL (1963) The chemistry of wood. Interscience, New York
Bufalino L, de Sena Neto AR, Tonoli GHD, de Souza FA, Costa TG, Marconcini JM, Colodette JL, Labory CRG, Mendes LM (2015) How the chemical nature of Brazilian hardwoods affects nanofibrillation of cellulose fibers and film optical quality. Cellulose 22:3657–3672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0771-3
Chaker A, Alila S, Mutjé P, Vilar MR, Boufi S (2013) Key role of the hemicellulose content and the cell morphology on the nanofibrillation effectiveness of cellulose pulps. Cellulose 20:2863–2875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0036-y
Chandra E, Renu R (1998) Biodegradable polymers. Progr Polym Sci 23:1273–1335
Chen W, Abe K, Uetani K, Yu H, Liu Y, Yano H (2014) Individual cotton cellulose nanofibrils: pretreatment and fibrillation technique. Cellulose 21:1517–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0172-z
Desmaisons J, Boutonnet E, Rueff M, Dufresne A, Bras J (2017) A new quality index for benchmarking of different cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohyd. Polym. 174:318–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.032
Dias MC, Mendonça MC, Damásio RAP, Zidanes UL, Mori FA, Ferreira SR, Tonoli GHD (2019) Influence of hemicellulose content of Eucalyptus and Pinus fibers on the grinding process for obtaining cellulose micro/nanofibrils. Holzforsch 73:1035–1046. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0230
do Lago RC, de Oliveira ALM, Dias MC, de Carvalho EEN, Tonoli GHD, Vilas Boas EVB (2020) Obtaining cellulosic nanofibrils from oat straw for biocomposite reinforcement: mechanical and barrier properties. Ind Crop Prod 148:112264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112264
do Prado NRT, Raabe J, Mirmehdi S, Hugen LN, Lima LC, Ramos ALS, Guimarães Jr M, Tonoli GHD (2018) Strength improvement of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/starch films using cellulose nanocrystals. Cerne 23:423–434. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723042303
Doi Y, Kanesawa Y, Tanahashi N, Kumagai Y (1992) Biodegradation of microbial polyesters in the marine environment. Polym Degrad Stab 36:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(92)90154-W
Dufresne, A., 2012. Nanocellulose: from nature to high performance tailored materials. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter Incorporated. 460p
Durães AFS, Moulin JC, Dias MC, Mendonça MC, Damásio RAP, Thygesen LG, Tonoli GHD (2020) Influence of chemical pretreatments on plant fiber cell wall and their implications on the appearance of fiber dislocations. Holzforsch. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0237(online)
Elanthikkal S, Gopalakrishnapanicker U, Varghese S, Guthrie JT (2010) Cellulose microfibres produced from banana plant wastes: isolation and characterization. Carbohyd Polym 80:852–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.12.043
Fakhouri FM, Fontes LCB, Gonçalves PVM, Milanez CR, Steel CJ, Collares-Queiroz FP (2007) Films and edible coatings based on native starches and gelatin in the conservation and sensory acceptance of Crimson grapes. Ciênc Tecnol Alim 27:369–375. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612007000200027
Fang Z, Zhu H, Yuan Y, Ha D, Zhu S, Preston C, Chen Q, Li Y, Han X, Lee S et al (2014) Novel nanostructured paper with ultrahigh transparency and ultrahigh haze for solar cells. Nano Lett 14:765–773
Flemming HC (1998) Relevance of biofilms for the biodeterioration of surfaces of polymeric materials. Polym Degrad Stab 59:309–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00189-4
Fonseca CS, Scatolino MV, Silva LE, Martins MA, Guimarães M Jr, Tonoli GHD (2021) Valorization of jute biomass: performance of fiber–cement composites extruded with hybrid reinforcement (fibers and nanofibrils). Waste Biomass Valor. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01394-1
Frone AN, Panaitescu DM, Donescu D (2011) Some aspects concerning the isolation of cellulose micro- and nano- fibers. UPB Sci Bullet 73:133–152
Gazzotti S, Rampazzo R, Hakkarainen M, Bussini D, Ortenzi MA, Farina H, Lesma G, Silvani A (2019) Cellulose nanofibrils as reinforcing agents for PLA-based nanocomposites: an in situ approach. Comp Sci Technol 171:94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.12.015
Gontard N, Duchez C, Cuq J-L, Guilbert S (1994) Edible composite films of wheat gluten and lipids: Water vapor permeability and other physical properties. Int J Food Sci Technol 29:39–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb02045.x
Guimarães M Jr, Botaro VR, Novack KM, Teixeira FG, Tonoli GHD (2015) Starch/PVA-based nanocomposites reinforced with bamboo nanofibrils. Ind Crop Prod 70:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.014
Guimarães M Jr, Teixeira FG, Tonoli GHD (2018) Effect of the nano-fibrillation of bamboo pulp on the thermal, structural, mechanical and physical properties of nanocomposites based on starch/poly (vinyl alcohol) blend. Cellulose. 25:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1691-9
Halász K, Hosakun Y, Csóka L (2015, 2015) Reducing water vapor permeability of poly (lactic acid) film and bottle through layer-by-layer deposition of green-processed cellulose nanocrystals and chitosan. Int J Polym Sci.:6p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/954290
Haverty D, Dussan K, Piterina AV, Leahy JJ, Hayes MHB (2012) Autothermal, single-stage, performic acid pretreatment of Miscanthus × giganteus for the rapid fractionation of its biomass components into a lignin/hemicellulose-rich liquor and a cellulase-digestible pulp. Bioresour Technol 109:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.007
Hietala M, Samuelsson E, Niinimaki J, Oksman K (2011) The effect of pre-softened wood chips on wood fibre aspect ratio and mechanical properties of wood–polymer composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 42:2110–2116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.09.021
Himmel ME, Ding S-Y, Johnson DK, Adney WS, Nimlos MR, Brady JW, Foust TD (2007) Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science 315:804–807. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137016
Huang J, Zhu H, Chen Y, Preston C, Rohrbach K, Cumings J, Hu L (2013) Highly transparent and flexible nanopaper transistors. ACS Nano 7:2106–2113. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn304407r
Iwamoto S, Lee SH, Endo T (2014) Relationship between aspect ratio and suspension viscosity of wood cellulose nanofibers. Polym J 46:73–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2013.64
Karki DB, Yadav KC, Khanal H, Bhattarai P, Koirala B, Khatri SB (2020) Analysis of biodegradable films of starch from potato waste. Asian Food Sci J 14:28–40. https://doi.org/10.9734/AFSJ/2020/v14i330132
Kaushik A, Singh M, Verma G (2010) Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohyd Polym 82:337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.063
Kennedy F, Phillips GO, Willians PA (1987) Wood and cellulosics, industrial utilization, biotechnology, structure and properties. Ellis Horwood, Chichester
Kliestik T, Misankova M, Valaskova K, Svabova L (2018) Bankruptcy prevention: new effort to reflect on legal and social changes. Sci Eng Ethics 24:791–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9912-4
Kubálek J, Cámská D, Strouhal J (2017) Personal bankruptcies from macroeconomic perspective. Intl J Entrep Knowl 5:78–88. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijek-2017-0013
Lavoine N, Desloges I, Dufresne A, Bras J (2012) Microfibrillated cellulose – its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohyd Polym 90:735–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026
Li Y, Fu Q, Rojas R, Yan M, Lawoko M, Berglund L (2017) Lignin-retaining transparent wood. Chem Sus Chem 10:3445–3451. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201701089
Liu D, Yuan X, Bhattacharyya D (2012) The effects of cellulose nanowhiskers on electrospun poly (lactic acid) nanofibres. J Mater Sci 47:3159–3165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-6150-z
Long L, Tian D, Hu J, Wang F, Saddler J (2017) A xylanase-aided enzymatic pretreatment facilitates cellulose nanofibrillation. Bioresour Technol 243:898–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.037
Lopes TA, Bufalino L, Claro PICC, Martins MA, Tonoli GHD, Mendes LM (2018) The effect of surface modifications with corona discharge in Pinus and Eucalyptus nanofibril films. Cellulose. 25:5017–5033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1948-3
Lu K, Hao N, Meng X, Luo Z, Tuskan GA, Arthur J, Ragauskas AJ (2019) Investigating the correlation of biomass recalcitrance with pyrolysis oil using poplar as the feedstock. Bioresour Technol 289:121589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121589
Malucelli LC, Matos M, Jordão C, Lomonaco D, Lacerda LG, Carvalho Filho MAS, Magalhães WLE (2019) Influence of cellulose chemical pretreatment on energy consumption and viscosity of produced cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and mechanical properties of nanopaper. Cellulose 26:1667–1681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2161-0
Maroušek J, Bartoš P, Filip M, Kolář L et al. (2020) Advances in the agrochemical utilization of fermentation residues reduce the cost of purpose-grown phytomass for biogas production. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1738597
Maroušek J, Maroušková A; Kůs T (2020a) Shower cooler reduces pollutants release in production of competitive cement substitute at low cost, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1825560
Maroušek J, Myšková K, Žák J (2015) Managing environmental innovation: case study on biorefinery concept Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 38, No. 3, 216 – 220. Disponible en <http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0254-07702015000300004&lng=es&nrm=iso
Meng X, Pu Y, Yoo CG, Li M, Bali G, Park DY, Gjersing E, Davis MF, Muchero W, Tuskan GA, Tschaplinski TJ, Ragauskas AJ (2017) An in-depth understanding of biomass recalcitrance using natural poplar variants as the feedstock. Chem Sus Chem 10:139–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201601303
Miri NE, Abdelouahdi K, Barakat A, Zahouily M, Fihri A, Solhy A, Achaby ME (2015) Bio-nanocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals: rheology of film-forming solutions, transparency, water vapor barrier and tensile properties of films. Carbohyd Polym. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.051
Mirmehdi S, Hein PRG, Sarantópoulos CIGL, Dias MV, Tonoli GHD (2018) Cellulose nanofibrils/nanoclay hybrid composite as a paper coating: effects of spray time, nanoclay content and corona discharge on barrier and mechanical properties of the coated papers. Food Pack Shelf Life 15:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.11.007
Mo C, Wang Y, Wang L, Yin S (2014) Effects of temperature and humidity on the barrier properties of biaxially-oriented polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol films. J Appl Pack Research. https://doi.org/10.14448/japr.01.0004
Muo IK, Adebayo Azeez, A (2019) Green entrepreneurship: literature review and agenda for future research," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, Center for International Scientific Research of VSO and VSPP. 7: 17–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/IJEK-2019-0007
Nogi M, Handa K, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2005) Optically transparent bionanofiber composites with low sensitivity to refractive index of the polymer matrix. Applied Physic Letters 87:243110. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2146056
Nogi M, Iwamoto S, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2009) Optically transparent nanofiber paper. Adv Mater 21:1595–1598. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803174
Nogi M, Kim C, Sugahara T, Inui T, Takahashi T, Suganuma K (2013) High thermal stability of optical transparency in cellulose nanofiber paper. Appl Phys Lett 102:181–911. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4804361
Nystrom G, Nyström G, Mihranyan A, Razaq A, Lindström T, Nyholm L, Strømme M (2010) A nanocellulose polypyrrole composite based on microfibrillated cellulose from wood. J Phys Chem B 114:4178–4182. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp911272m
Ogunsile BO, Oladeji TG (2016) Utilization of banana stalk fiber as reinforcement in low density polyethylene composite. Matéria 21:953–963. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620160004.0088
Okahisa Y, Furukawa Y, Ishimoto K, Narita C, Intharapichai K, Ohara H (2018) Comparison of cellulose nanofiber properties produced from different parts of the oil palm tree. Carbohyd Polym 198:313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.089
Pei H, Liu L, Zhang X, Sun J (2012) Flow-through pretreatment with strongly acidic electrolyzed water for hemicellulose removal and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Bioresour Technol 110:292–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.062
Peters E, Kliestik T, Musa H, Durana P (2020) Product decision-making information systems, real-time big data analytics, and deep learning-enabled smart process planning in sustainable industry 4.0. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics 8: 16–22. https://doi.org/10.22381/JSME8320202.
Potulski DC, Viana LC, Muniz GIB, de Andrade AS, Klock U (2016) Characterization of fibrillated cellulose nanofilms obtained at different consistencies. Sci Forest 44:361–372. dx.doi.org. https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v44n110.09
Qing Y, Sabo R, Wu Y, Zhu JY, Cai Z (2015) Self-assembled optically transparent cellulose nanofibril films: effect of nanofibril morphology and drying procedure. Cellulose 22:1091–1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0563-9
Romero-Bastida CA, Bello-Pérez LA, Velazquez G, Alvarez-Ramirez J (2015) Effect of the addition order and amylose content on mechanical, barrier and structural properties of films made with starch and montmorillonite. Carbohyd Polym 127:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.074
Rosa MF, Rosa MF, Medeiros ES, Malmonge JA, Gregorski KS, Wood DF, Mattoso LHC, Glenn G, Orts WJ, Imam SH (2010) Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibers: effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behavior. Carbohyd Polym 81:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.059
Samei N, Mortazavi SM, Rashidi AS, Sheikhzadah-Najar S (2008) Na Investigation on the effect of hot mercerization on cotton fabrics made up of open-end yarns. J Appl Sci 8:4204–4209. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2008.4204.4209
Santana JS, do Rosário JM, Pola CC, Otoni CG, Soares NFF, Camilloto GP, Cruz RS (2017) Cassava starch-based nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils extracted from sisal. J Appl Polym Sci 134:44637. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44637
Scatolino MV, Bufalino L, Mendes LM, Guimarães Júnior M, Tonoli GHD (2017) Impact of nanofibrillation degree of eucalyptus and Amazonian hardwood sawdust on physical properties of cellulose nanofibril films. Wood Sci Technol 51:1095–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-017-0927-4
Scatolino MV, Fonseca CS, da Silva GM et al (2018) How the surface wettability and modulus of elasticity of the Amazonian paricá nanofibrils films are affected by the chemical changes of the natural fibers. Eur J Wood Prod 76:1581–1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-018-1343-7
Serra A, González I, Oliver-Ortega H, Tarrès Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P (2017) Reducing the amount of catalyst in TEMPO-Oxidized cellulose nanofibers: effect on properties and cost. Polymers 9:557. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110557
Silva EL, Reis CA, Vieira HC, Santos JX, Nisgoski S, Saul CK, Muñiz GIB (2020) Evaluation of poly (vinyl alcohol) addition effect on nanofibrillated cellulose films characteristics. Cerne 26:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760202026012654
Silverstein RM, Webster FX (2000) Spectrometric identification of organic compounds. 6ª ED. LTC editor 77–88, 2000.
Siró I, Plackett D (2010) Microfibrillated cellulose and new composite materials: a review. Cellulose 17:459–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9405-y
Sixta H (2006) Handbook of pulp. 1. ed., Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. 1316p 2006
Sollins P, Homann P, Caldwell BA (1996) Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: mechanisms and controls. Geoderma 74:65–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00036-5
Souza LO, Lessa OA, Dias MC, Tonoli GHD, Rezende DVB, Martins MA, Neves ICO, de Resende JV, Carvalho EEN, Vilas Boas EVB, de Oliveira JR, Franco M (2019) Study of morphological properties and rheological parameters of cellulose nanofibrils of cocoa shell (Theobroma cacao L.). Carbohyd Polym 214:152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.037
Souza O, Federizzi M, Coelho B, Wagner TM, Wisbeck E (2010) Biodegradation of lignocellulosics residues generated in banana cultivation and its valorization for the production of biogas. Rev Bras Eng Agr Amb 14:438–443. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000400014
Spence KL, Venditti RA, Habibi Y, Rojas OJ, Pawlak JJ (2010) The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: Mechanical processing and physical properties. Bioresour Technol 101:5961–5968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.104
Stávková J, Maroušek J (2021) Novel sorbent shows promising financial results on P recovery from sludge water. Chemosphere 276:130097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130097
Stark NM (2016) Opportunities for cellulose nanomaterials in packaging films: a review and future trends. J Renew Mater 4:313–326. https://doi.org/10.7569/JRM.2016.634115
Stelte W, Sanadi AR (2009) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from two commercial hardwood and softwood pulps. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:11211–11219. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9011672
Şenol H (2021) Effects of NaOH, thermal, and combined NaOH-thermal pretreatments on the biomethane yields from the anaerobic digestion of walnut shells. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:21661–21673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11984-6
TAPPI - Technical association of the pulp and paper industry. T 220-om01 (2004a) Physical testing of pulp handsheets. In: Tappi Test Methods. TAPPI Press, Norcross
TAPPI - Technical association of the pulp and paper industry. T 410-om02 (2004b) Grammage of paper and paperboard. In: Tappi Test Methods. TAPPI Press, Norcross
TAPPI - Technical association of the pulp and paper industry. T 412-om02 (2004c) Moisture in pulp, paper and paperboard. in: Tappi test methods. TAPPI Press, Norcross
Thomas MG, Abraham E, Jyotishkumar P, Maria HJ, Pothen LA, Thomas S (2015) Nanocelluloses from jute fibers and their nanocomposites with natural rubber: preparation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 81:768–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.053
Trevisan R, Rosa M, Haselein CR, Santini EJ, Gatto DA (2017) Fiber dimensions and their relationship with the transition age between juvenile and mature wood of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Ciência Florestal 27:1385–1393. https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509830220
Vardhini KJV, Murugan R, Selvi Tamil SC, Surjit R (2016) Optimisation of alkali treatment of banana fibres on lignin removal. Indian J Fibre Textile Res 41:156–160 http://op.niscair.res.in/index.php/IJFTR/article/view/7295/847
Velásquez-Cock J, Castro C, Gañán P, Osorio M, Putaux J-L, Serpa A, Zuluaga R (2016) Influence of the maturation time on the physico-chemical properties of nanocellulose and associated constituents isolated from pseudostems of banana plant c.v. Valery. Ind Crop Prod 83:551–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.070
Weiss ND, Thygesen LG, Felby C, Roslander C, Gourlay K (2017) Biomass-water interactions correlate to recalcitrance and are intensified by pretreatment: an investigation of water constraint and retention in pretreated spruce using low field NMR and water retention value techniques. Biotechnol Progress 33:146–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2398
Widsten P, Tuominen S, Qvintus-Leino P, Laine JE (2004) The influence of high defibration temperature on the properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) made from laccase treated softwood fibers. Wood Sci Technol 38:521–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0206-4
Yue Y, Han J, Han G, Zhang Q, French AD, Wu Q (2015) Characterization of cellulose I/II hybrid fibers isolated from energycane bagasse during the delignification process: morphology, crystallinity and percentage estimation. Carbohydr. Polym. 133:438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.058
Zarna C, Opedal TM, Echtermeyer AT, Chinga-Carrasco G (2021) Reinforcement ability of lignocellulosic components in biocomposites and their 3D printed applications – a review. Composites Part C: Open Access. 6:100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100171
Zhang C, Nair SS, Chen H, Yan N, Farnood R, Li F (2019) Thermally stable, enhanced water barrier, high strength starch bio-composite reinforced with lignin containing cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 115626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115626
Zhang L, Xue F, Du W, Han C, Zhang C, Wang Z (2014) Transparent paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator as a page mark and anti-theft sensor. Nano Res 7:1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0484-1
Zhou S, Liu P, Wang M, Zhao H, Yang J, Xu F (2016) Sustainable, reusable, and superhydrophobic aerogels from microfibrillated cellulose for highly effective oil/water separation. ACS Sust Chem Eng 4:6409–6416. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01075
Zhu H, **ao Z, Liu D, Li Y, Weadock NJ, Fang Z, Huang J, Hu L (2013) Biodegradable transparent substrates for flexible organic-light-emitting diodes. Energ Environ Sci 6:2105–2111. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40492G
Zhu JY, Sabo R, Luo X (2011) Integrated production of nano-fibrillated cellulose and cellulosic biofuel (ethanol) by enzymatic fractionation of wood fibers. Green Chem 13:1339–1344. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1GC15103G
Zimmermann T, Bordeanu N, Strub E (2010) Properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from different raw materials and its reinforcement potential. Carbohyd Polym 79:1086–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.10.045
Zuber M, Zia KM, Bhatti IA, Ali Z, Arshad MU, Saif MJ (2012) Modification of cellulosic fibers by UV-irradiation. Part II: After treatments effects. Int J Biol Macromol 51:743–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.001
Zuluaga R, Putaux J-L, Cruz J, Vélez J, Mondragón I, Gaňan P, Cruz J, Vélez J, Mondragón I, Gaňan P (2009) Cellulose microfibrils from banana rachis: effect of alkaline treatments on structural and morphological features. Carbohydr Polym 76:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.024
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Coordenacão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoa de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, Brazil) for their financial support. Thanks are due also to Embrapa Instrumentação (São Carlos/SP, Brazil), to the Brazilian Lignocellulosic Composites and Nanocomposites Network (RELIGAR), and to the Biomaterials Engineering Graduation Program (PPGBIOMAT-UFLA, Brazil). Finally, thanks go to the Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Analysis of the Ultrastructural Federal University of Lavras, (http://www.prp.ufla.br/labs/microscopiaeletronica/) for the technical support for experiments involving electron microscopy.
Funding
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoa de Nível Superior – CAPES (finance code 001), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (151379/19).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BMRG contributed with the writing of the initial version, review, data collection, and data analysis. MVS and MAM were major contributors in writing the manuscript, specifically writing the initial version, review, and editing of the manuscript. SRF and LMM contributed to the search for new raw materials resources and review. JTL, MGJ, and GHDT contributed with supervision, conceptualization, funding acquisition, and project administration. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Santiago V. Luis
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guimarães, .M.R., Scatolino, M.V., Martins, M.A. et al. Bio-based films/nanopapers from lignocellulosic wastes for production of added-value micro-/nanomaterials. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 8665–8683 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16203-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16203-4